<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">One last peep from me -<div><br></div><div>A recording engineer friend of mine has an axiom (don't know if it's his or he pirated it) that unless he has four copies of any digital files in four different location, the file doesn't really exist. I could cite an example that involved Kenny Loggins but will refrain from name dropping ;-)</div><div><br></div><div>Food for thought when considering backup strategies. As Nick noted, tapes may not survive more than one playback, or vaporize 20 years down the road when lack of sufficient backups bite someone in the behind. </div><div><br></div><div>Keola</div><div><br><div><div>On 2010 Pep. 12, at 11:21, Keola Donaghy wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">My final (I hope) contribution to this topic ;-)<div><br></div><div>We should also conciser the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, which states:</div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; ">If a function <i>x</i>(<i>t</i>) contains no frequencies higher than <i>B</i> <a href="x-msg://68/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hertz</a>, it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2<i>B</i>) seconds apart.</span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">Essentially, you should sample at twice the rate of the highest frequency you will find in your recording. As Bill mentioned, if the highest frequency that human ears can hear is @ 10k, and we divide 22k by 2, 11k is the upper limit. Beyond that you get some aliasing. For human ears, probably not a problem. How about for as-yet unwritten computer software for transcription that can analyze such data, or better noise reduction algorithms that we have today? I dunno. I would still prefer to be safe and keep a copy at the higher rate. The 96k/24 bit standard Nick cites may be overkill, but somewhere down the road our grandchildren may be grateful that it was done for reasons we don't yet comprehend.</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">KD</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><div><div>On 2010 Pep. 12, at 10:58, Nick Thieberger wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div>An issue that hasn't yet been discussed in relation to digitising old<br>tapes is that it should only be done once. This may sound strange, but<br>I know of several projects where a 'trial' digitisation occurs, at low<br>resolution. These files then become the basis for timecoded<br>transcripts and then, later, the project decided they needed archival<br>versions of the media and redigitised to international archival<br>standards (96khz/24 bit. Yes, I know ths is overkill but it is the<br>standard). Of course, the timecoded transcripts no longer match the<br>newer, higher resoluion versions.<br><br>Another motivation for doing it right the first time is that the tapes<br>themselves may not survive more than one playback (although this is<br>rarely the case).<br><br>Nick<br><br>Project Manager<br>Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered<br>Cultures (PARADISEC)<br><a href="http://paradisec.org.au/">http://paradisec.org.au</a><br><br>On 13 February 2010 04:27, Rudy Troike <<a href="mailto:rtroike@email.arizona.edu">rtroike@email.arizona.edu</a>> wrote:<br><blockquote type="cite">Howdy,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Thanks to everyone for the valuable suggestions and discussions re<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">converting these cassette tapes to CDs. I really appreciate all the input.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">FYI, the tapes in question were made in the late 1960s, as part of the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">East Texas Dialect Project, recording schoolchildren in East Texas schools<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">scheduled for integration, to prepare materials for teacher training in<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">advance of the integration. They are historically valuable, and I hope<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">someday to be able to interview some of those who were recorded to find if<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">there have been any changes in their speech during their lifetimes.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Many thanks again,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Rudy<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote></div></blockquote></div><br><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Keola Donaghy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Assistant Professor of Hawaiian Studies</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Ka Haka 'Ula O Ke'elikolani </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="mailto:keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu">keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">University of Hawai'i at Hilo </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/">http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/</a></span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">"Tír gan teanga, tír gan anam."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">(Irish Gaelic saying)</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">A country without its language is a country without its soul.</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br class="khtml-block-placeholder"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -apple-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -apple-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Keola Donaghy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Assistant Professor of Hawaiian Studies</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Ka Haka 'Ula O Ke'elikolani </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="mailto:keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu">keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">University of Hawai'i at Hilo </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/">http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/</a></span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">"Tír gan teanga, tír gan anam."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">(Irish Gaelic saying)</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">A country without its language is a country without its soul.</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br class="khtml-block-placeholder"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span></span>
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