Non-IE roots in Germanic/Intro

[Rick Mc Callister]

[ Moderator's note:
  The following series of messages has been re-directed from the Nostratic list
  to the Indo-European list, where discussion of the topic originated.
  --rma ]

I'd like to get some feedback for the Online List of Non-IE Germanic Roots
I just put up at
http://www.MUW.Edu/~rmccalli/subsGerIntro.html
I want to make sure that I've correctly summarized the opinions re sources
of non-IE vocabulary in Germanic, including those of Eric Hamp & Theo
Vennemann. I don't have complete bibliographies and I'd appreciate
corrections on these. I'll follow with the roots themselves.

On-line dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the
Germanic languages

Non-Indo-European substrate vocabulary in Germanic include:

       loanwords and Wanderwörter in Indo-European and
Western-Indo-European such as technical, cultural & agricultural vocabulary
from or via Middle Eastern, Paleo-Anatolian, Mediterranean & Caucasian
languages
       loanwords to early Germanic and Western Indo-European from
indigenous Western &
       Northern European languages such as seafaring, natural,
institutional & local technical lexicon words of unknown origin which
cannot be linked to Indo European

The German linguist Theo Vennemann has postulated Vasconic & Afro-Asiatic
as major sources of substrate vocabulary in Germanic. His linguistic
scenario of Ancient Europe presumes that languages related to modern Basque
ranged over much of Western Europe, including France, Switzerland and
Germany. While it is known that Aquitanian, the language ancestral to
Basque, was spoken in southwestern France in pre Roman times, the extent of
Vasconic in pre-Indo-European times is still unknown. Vennemann's
hypothesis uses the comparative method and is well researched yet much more
remains to be learned about the pre history of Vasconic. His hypothetical
Afro-Asiatic lexicon presupposes that megalithic Atlantic civilization
corresponds to settlement by traders and settlers speaking either an early
Semitic language or an Afro-Asiatic language closely related to Semitic

Robert Claiborne attributes non-Indo-European substrate to a language he
refers to as "Folkish," based on the assertion that the word "folk" is
derived from that language. According to Claiborne's scenario, "Folkish"
was spoken along or near the Baltic Sea and is responsible for much
vocabulary dealing with seafaring and the marine environment

Eric Hamp and others have postulated an "Apple language" in North Central
Europe, which they see as responsible for indigenous substrate vocabulary
common to Germanic, Celtic, Italic and Balto-Slavic

Other possible sources for non-Indo-European substrate may include Uralic &
Tyrrhenian. Uralic languages were once spoken much farther south than
present in Scandinavia and the eastern Baltic. Tyrrhenian languages related
to Etruscan include Rhaetic, which was spoken in the area of present Italy
and Switzerland. At present, very little vocabulary has been ascribed to
Uralic and virtually none to Tyrrhenian. [The Swiss etyma klap-, krap- is
sometimes said to Rhaetic]

Obviously, such a project can only be described as tentative, given that
most evidence suggesting that a given word is non-Indo-European is
essentially negative :

       the word does not exist in other branches of Indo-European
       its phonology does not conform to the norms of Indo-European
       the evolution of the word does not correspond to known phonological
laws of the branch in question

It should be no suprise that there is much disagreement regarding potential
non-Indo-European substrate vocabulary. While some linguists propose a
broad inventory of non-Indo-European substrate vocabulary, others make a
determined attempt to relate all Germanic vocabulary to Indo-European. This
list is as inclusive as possible. Take this list, then, as a collection of
possibilities.

Sources are indicated by initials. A bibliography follows. Additions and
suggesions are welcome.


Sources

Claiborne, Robert. The Roots of English. NY: Random, 1989. [rc]

Comrie, Bernard. The World's Major Languages. NY: Oxford UP, 1987. [bc]

Duncan "English 451 notes" (class webpage) [d]

Hamp, Eric. "The Pre-IE Language of Northern (Central) Europe". When Worlds
Collide. [eh]

Thomas V. Gamkrelidze & Vjecheslav V. Ivanov. Indo-European & the
Indo-Europeans. Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter, 1995. [g&i]

T. L. Markey. "Gift, Payment and Reward Revisited". When Worlds Collide. 345ff.

Meillet, Antoine. General Characteristics of Indo-European, 1929. [am]

Mondadori's Pocket Italian-English/English-Italian Dictionary. NY: Pocket 1977.

Porse, Sten (e-mail post) [sp]

Pyles & Algeo's History of English [p&a]

Streadbeck, Arval L. "Germanic languages." Grolier Encyclopedia on CD-ROM.
Grolier Electronic Publishing. [als]

Trask, Larry (e-mail) [lt]

Vennemann, Theo (e-mail Jan 99) [tv1/99]---

---"Bemerkung zum frühgermanischen Wortschatz." Fs. Matzel, Heidelberg
1984, 105-19. [tv84]

---"Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa", Der GinkgoBaum 13 [tv95]

---"Some West Indo-European words of uncertain origin." Fs. Fisiak. Berlin
1997, I.879-908. [tv97]

Waterman., John T. A History of the German Language. Seattle: U Wash P,
1966. [jtw]

Watkins, Calvert . Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, rev. Boston:
Houghton, 1985. [cw]

Wordsworth English-German/German-English Dictionary. Ware, Herts UK:
Wordsworth, 1994.

Bibiliography

Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue.

Claiborne, Robert. The Roots of English. NY: Random, 1989. [rc]

Comrie, Bernard. The World's Major Languages. NY: Oxford UP, 1987.[bc]

Furnée, Eduard J. Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des
Vorgriechischen. The
Hague, 1972.

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. & Vjecheslav V. Ivanov. Indo-European & the
Indo-Europeans. Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.

Hamp, Eric. "The Pre-IE Language of Northern (Central) Europe". When Worlds
Collide. 291-.

Heyne. Deutsches Worterbuch

Lehmann. Theor. Bases of IE Linguistics.

Liebich, Bruno. Wortfamilien der deutschen Sprache (1899, 1905.

Lockwood, W. B., An Informal History of the German Language, with Chapters
on Dutch and
Afrikaans, Frisian and Yiddish.1965.

Markey, T. L. "Gift, Payment and Reward Revisited". When Worlds Collide. 345ff.

Meillet, Antoine. General Characteristics of Indo-European, 1929. ---

General Characteristics of the Germanic Languages, trans. by William
Dismukes (1970)

Mondadori's Pocket Italian-English/English-Italian Dictionary. NY: Pocket 1977.

Polomé, Edgar: "The non-Indo-European components of the Germanic lexicon."
Annemarie Etter
(ed.) O-o-pe-ro-si: Festschrift für Ernst Risch zum 79. Berlin: Geburtstag.
1986. ---

JIES 18 ("The Indo- Europeanization of Northern Europe: the linguistic
evidence").

Pyles & Algeo's History of English [p&a]

Prokosch, Eduard. Comparative Germanic Grammar,

Streadbeck, Arval L. "Germanic languages." Grolier Encyclopedia on CD-ROM.
Grolier Electronic
Publishing.

Vennemann, Theo "Bemerkung zum frühgermanischen Wortschatz." Fs. Matzel,
Heidelberg 1984,
105-19.

--- "Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa", Der GinkgoBaum:
Germanistisches Jahrbuch
für Nordeuropa 13 (1995), 39-115.

--- "Some West Indo-European words of uncertain origin." Fs. Fisiak. Berlin
1997, I.879-908.

--- "Germania Semitica: *ploog-/*pleg-, *furh-/*farh-, *folk-/*flokk-,
*felh-/*folg-", in: Fs. Eroms,
Heidelberg 1998, 245-61.

--- "Andromeda and the Apples of the Hesperides." Karlene Jones-Bleyet al.
(eds.). Proceedings of
the Ninth Annual UCLA Indo-European ---Conference (Journal of Indo-European
Studies
Monograph Series, 28), Washington, D.C. 1998, 1-68.

--- "Germania Semitica: Biene und Imme: Mit einem Anhang zu lat. apis",
Sprachwissenschaft 23
(1998), 471-87.

--- "Zur Etymologie von Éire, dem Namen Irlands" Sprachwissenschaft 23
(1998), 461-469.

---"Remarks on some British place names." Fs. Irmengard Rauch, New York
1999, 25-62.

Waterman, John T. A History of the German Language. Seattle: U Wash P, 1966.

Watkins, Calvert. Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, rev. Boston: Houghton,
1985.

Wordsworth English-German/German-English Dictionary. Ware, Herts UK:
Wordsworth, 1994.