<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; ">Dear Gary,<DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"><DIV> Liz would certainly be supportive of your interest in both Werner and Mayr. (And, of course, Darwin.) Nothing was dearer to her heart than the issue of new machines out of old parts (unless it might have been links between language and gesture). I can't imagine that she (or Labov) would have any problem at all agreeing with you regarding the importance of both quantitative and qualitative change. The point of divergence would be when you rely on facts regarding duplication and divergence to defend the idea of "genuine novelty." Rather than counting on the magic of the genome, Liz and I would have emphasized the magic of selection. Still, it would be wrong to dismiss the impact of genetic mechanics. However, I would like to avoid commenting on the details of your analysis of duplication and divergence without taking time to read your recent work. So, let's leave the rest of that discussion to the future.</DIV><DIV> For the present, however, I thought it would be interesting to draw the attention of readers of info-childes to a thoughtful obituary for Ernst Mayr that Tom Givon posted last May to the funknet bulletin board. The obituary is from Steven Peterson of Penn State Capital College, but I am including it with Tom Givon's preface.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>--Brian MacWhinney</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Dear funk-people,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>I thought it would be of interest to functionally-inclined linguists to</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>take a look at the following "appreciation" of the life and work of a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>recently-departed eminent evolutionary biologist, Ernst Mayr. It is a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>very thoughtful piece, in spite of the few lapses into PC and the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>occasional Marxist slip. Mayr's grand Darwinian themes resonate well in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>linguistics: adaptive selection (functionalism), diversity and its</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>crucial role in change (the Labovian theme of variation-and-diachrony),</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>emergence (non-mechanistic change), the interplay between field-work and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>theory, and between qualitative (field) and quantitative (lab)</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>methodology; and, above all perhaps, the dynamic-historical (diachronic)</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>theoretical understanding of extant forms (synchronic typology).</B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>TG</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>*******************************</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Ernst Mayr, arguably the preeminent biologist of the twentieth century,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>died on February 3, succumbing after a short illness at the age of 100.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr was the last survivor of a generation of renowned natural</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>scientists that included the likes of Julian Huxley, George Gaylord</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Simpson, Theodocious Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, G.L. Stebbins and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Hermann Muller, all of whom worked to establish Darwinian evolution as</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the cornerstone theory of biology.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr's contributions to the science of biology, during the course of his</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>remarkable life, are manifold. He will be remembered primarily for his</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>role in the elaboration of what has become known as the Synthetic Theory</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of Evolution—the syntheses of the Darwinian ideas of evolution through</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>natural selection and the common descent of all living organisms from</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>extinct forms, with the science of genetics—from the groundbreaking work</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of Gregor Mendel in the nineteenth century to the revealing of the DNA</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>double helix by Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick in the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>early 1950s.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>In addition, Mayr is chiefly credited with formulating the "biological</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>species concept," the notion that species are not simply defined by a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>static compilation of common physical characteristics, but are dynamic</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>populations of interbreeding organisms interacting with other species in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>an environment while remaining reproductively isolated, that is, they</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>are prevented either geographically or behaviorally from breeding with</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>other closely related groups.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>The biological species concept both incorporated and enriched Darwin's</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>revolutionary ideas regarding the introduction of species and their</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>geographical distribution. Darwin had sought causal explanations(ability</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of a species to disperse, e.g.) for the appearance of closely related</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>species in unexpected locations, striking a blow against the creationist</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>notion that species are found where they were originally "created." The</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>subsequent work of Mayr with birds, and that of G.G. Simpson with</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>mammals, has greatly enhanced our understanding of the geographical</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>distribution of species.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr was a tireless proponent of "population thinking," a profound idea</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that plumbs the depths of the contradictions inherent in concepts such</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>as "species" and "population." He emphasized that while the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>characteristics of populations are shaped and altered by natural</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>selection, each individual member of that population is unique. Early</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>on, Mayr rejected "essentialism," an idealist conception that posited</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the existence of "typical" individuals within any given population, a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>viewpoint that, with the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of inheritance at</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the turn of the last century, made a considerable comeback at the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>expense of Darwinism. Mayr pointed out that the racialist notions that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>were widely held during that period were thoroughly essentialist, in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that they accepted as given the existence of "average" or typical racial</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>types.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr, on the other hand, favored the viewpoint that focused on the fact</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that no two individuals making up a species (or a "race" for that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>matter) are alike. For Mayr, as for Darwin, it was the uniqueness of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>every member of a population that served as the fuel for natural</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>selection, providing the impetus for the evolution of entirely new types</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of organisms. Once the genetic mechanism for the production of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>continuous diversity was understood, the profundity of Darwin's original</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>ideas were reestablished and enriched in the form of the new synthesis.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Ernst Mayr was born in Germany, in the town of Kempten, Bavaria in 1904.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>The offspring of a long line of doctors, Mayr chose instead to</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>concentrate his considerable intellectual abilities in the field of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>zoology, with a special interest in ornithology. At that time, Germany</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>was still a major center of evolutionary biology, a tradition that owed</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>to the work during the latter half of the nineteenth century of such</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>notables as Ernst Haeckel and August Weismann.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Haeckel, who had made major contributions in zoology, as well as in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>originating some of the familiar terms in biology (ecology, e.g.), is</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>chiefly remembered for advancing his famous "Biogenetic Law," which held</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that the developing embryo of an organism (ontogeny) was a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>recapitulation of the evolutionary history of that organism (phylogeny).</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Weismann was a pioneer in the science of genetics, who, among his major</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>accomplishments, established the role of sex in promoting variation</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>within a species, and determined that gametes (sex cells) have the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>haploid number (half the normal or diploid number) of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>chromosomes.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr's attraction to birds brought him in contact with Erwin Stresemann,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>who was the curator of birds at the University of Berlin Museum of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Natural History. Stresemann became his PhD advisor, and Mayr attained</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>this advanced degree at the age of 21. Due to his astonishing longevity,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>as well as his European origin, Mayr was in certain essential respects a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>living link between nineteenth and twentieth century biology, in that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>while he was certainly comfortable with the quantitative aspects of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>biological sciences devoted to genetics and molecular biology, he held</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>qualitative methodologies, the use of observation and comparison to gain</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>new insights, in high regard. It is not surprising, then, that following</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>his studies in Berlin, Mayr, like countless naturalists before him,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>embarked on an expedition of discovery to the Solomon Islands and New</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Guinea, to collect specimens for Lord Rothschild's museum at Tring,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Hertfordshire, in England, and for the American Museum of Natural</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>History in New York.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>In 1931, Mayr emigrated to New York, and took a job at the museum as a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>curator of birds, in particular of the 280,000 bird specimens of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Rothschild collection that were donated to the museum shortly after</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr's arrival. In an interview that marked his 100th birthday, Mayr</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>declared: "I was very anti-Nazi, so there was no way I could return [to</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Germany]" (2004). In 1953, Mayr left the museum to take a position as</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the Alexander Agassiz professor of zoology at Harvard. Mayr remained at</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Harvard for the rest of his life, and was active until his final</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>illness.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr was the author or co-author of more than 20 books—among them</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942), Animal Species and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Evolution (1963), One Long Argument: Population, Species and Evolution,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>What Evolution Is (2001), his seminal work, The Growth of Biological</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Thought (1982) and Toward a New Philosophy of Biology(1988). His final</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>work, titled What Makes Biology Unique, was published shortly after his</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>100th birthday. He also founded the journal Evolution in 1947, and was a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>contributor to more than 600 scientific papers. Mayr's spouse of 55</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>years, Margarete (Gretel) Simon, died in 1990.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>If one were to characterize the trajectory of Mayr's development as a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>scientist, it would be that he was primarily a naturalist turned</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>theoretician. He was not a popularizer in the manner of his Harvard</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>,colleague, the late Stephen Jay Gould, but his theoretical acumen (in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>this writer's opinion) ran deeper. In fact, Mayr was critical of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>late paleontologist's punctuated equilibrium hypothesis as an</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>explanation of the evolutionary process for its overemphasis on the role</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of saltation (leaps). Mayr didn't completely reject Gould's theory, but</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>explained that it did not contradict Darwinian gradualism, because such</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>sudden bursts of evolutionary development are populational phenomena,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that is, they occur at the species level. Thus, a sudden evolutionary</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>spurt is always subsumed within the overall processes of evolution,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>which are for the most part gradual. Mayr took pains to point out that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>these accelerated evolutionary events appear saltational only when</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>compared with the vastness of the geological time scale.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Various theories of saltation as descriptors of the "sudden" appearance</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of new types of organisms have come and gone over the centuries, having</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>their roots in the catastrophism (multiple creations) of the renowned</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), who tried to explain</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the existence of extinct animals (dinosaurs, e.g.), and fit them into</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>some kind of schema compatible with Biblical creation.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Even later saltationist theories for the evolution of species or whole</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>groups of organisms could be interpreted as implying a kind of special</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>creation, opening the door to a religious interpretation of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>complexities of the natural world. Mayr was certainly cognizant of this</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>danger as his well-known discourse on the nature of chance</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>and>>selection, what he termed the "adaptationist dilemma," attests. In</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>his book, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (1988), Mayr is critical of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Gould and Richard Lewontin for their attack on the notion that the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>development of adaptations as a result of natural selection is anything</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>but the result of stochastic (chance) processes, therefore rendering the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>term adaptation obsolete, and casting a pall over natural selection, the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>foundation concept of Darwinism. Gould went so far as to call the notion</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of a process of adaptation a "Panglossian paradigm" (after Voltaire's</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>character in Candide), a futile search for perfection in the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>evolutionary process.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr's reply is a clinic on the dialectical approach to a complex and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>seemingly contradictory process. He wrote: "When asked whether or not</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the adaptationist program is a legitimate scientific approach, one must</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>realize that the method of evolutionary biology is in some ways quite</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>different from that of the physical sciences. Although evolutionary</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>phenomena are subject to universal laws, as are most phenomena in the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>physical sciences, the explanation of a particular evolutionary</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>phenomenon can be given only as a `historical narrative.' Consequently,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>when one attempts to explain the features of something that is the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>product of evolution, one must attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>history of this feature."</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>He continued by explaining that when one rejects all manner of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>teleological explanations for the adaptation of species to their</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>changing environments one is left with two unified, but seemingly</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>contradictory propositions—chance and selection forces. "The</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>identification of these two factors as the principal causes of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>evolutionary change by no means completed the task for the evolutionist.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>As is the case with most scientific problems, this initial solution</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>represented only the first orientation. For completion it requires a</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>second stage, a fine-grained analysis of these two factors: What are the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>respective roles of chance</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>>>>and or natural selection, and how can this be analyzed?" (1988)</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr's life-long interest in the fundamental questions that continue to</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>animate the biological sciences, combined with his exceptional longevity</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>as a working and thinking scientist, engendered in him a profound</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>appreciation of its history. In particular, he stressed the importance</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of a study of the history of scientific concepts (natural selection,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>e.g.). He wrote: "Preoccupation with this sort of conceptual history of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>science is sometimes belittled as a hobby of retired scientists. Such an</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>attitude ignores the manifold contributions which this branch of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>scholarship makes" (1982). He stated further: "One can take almost any</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>advance, either in evolutionary biology or in systematics, and show that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>it did not depend as much on discoveries as on the introduction of new</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>concepts.... Those are not far wrong who insist that the progress of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>science consists principally in the progress of scientific concepts"</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>(1982).</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr frequently commented on what he perceived to be the sharp dichotomy</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>between experimental and theoretical science, and the growing</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>inclination toward reductionism in biology. He would bristle against the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>accusation, often made by physicists and philosophers, that biology was</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>not "hard" science. An interesting byproduct of this common</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>misconception, one that Mayr noted in a recent interview, was that there</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>continues to be no Nobel Prize awarded in biology.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr championed the notion that the governing concepts of the science of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>biology were not simply reducible to mathematical formulae and the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>timeless laws of physics. By this he did not mean that biological</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>processes existed outside the realm of the laws of chemistry and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>physics, or that many aspects of the living world did not lend</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>themselves to quantification, but that living processes could not be</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>entirely explained or even understood from those standpoints.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr explained that in previous centuries natural scientists, under</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>pressure to be able to draw conclusions from their working hypotheses</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that were reducible to mathematical formulae and the laws of physics,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>either succumbed to that pressure and presented purely mechanical</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>explanations for living processes, or sought vitalist (those who claim</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that the property of being alive is sparked by an outside force) and</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>even religious explanations for the processes being studied.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>In referring to the higher levels of complexity of living systems, Mayr</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>stressed their duality, that is, each organism is at once an expression</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of its genotype, the historically developed genetic code for the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>synthesis of proteins, and its phenotype, the unique physical appearance</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of each individual of a species; the product of the complex interplay of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>physiological, embryological and ecological processes. He placed</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>particular emphasis on two properties unique to living systems,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>teleonomy (goal-directed processes) and "emergentism," the tendency for</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the evolution of "emergent properties," a notion that reaches beyond the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Regarding the latter, he wrote in The Growth of Biological Thought:</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>"Systems almost always have the peculiarity that the characteristics of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the whole cannot (not even in theory) be deduced from the most complete</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>knowledge of the components, taken separately or in other partial</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>combinations. This appearance of new characteristics in wholes has been</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>designated as emergence" (1982).</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>As a prime example, he cited the work to uncover the importance of DNA</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>for the science of genetics. "The discovery of the double helix of DNA</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>and of its code was a breakthrough of the first order.... There is</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>nothing in the inanimate world that has a genetic program which stores</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>information with a history of three thousand million years! At the same</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>time, this purely materialistic explanation elucidates many of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>phenomena which the vitalists had claimed could not be explained</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>chemically or physically. To be sure, it is still a physicalist</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>explanation, but one infinitely more sophisticated than the gross</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>mechanistic explanations of earlier centuries" (1982).</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>An emergent property, then, is something unanticipated—the evolution of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>new behaviors, or new adaptations (lungs, language, abstract thought,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>e.g.), that has unforeseen implications that propel a species or a group</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>of organisms in an entirely new direction. It should be noted that Mayr</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>considered the concept of emergentism to be philosophically "entirely</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>materialistic."</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Not surprisingly, Mayr was a lifelong atheist and a staunch opponent of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the ongoing attack on evolution by the motley assemblage of religious</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>zealots, creationists and "intelligent design" advocates. In 1991, he</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>commented in an interview in the Harvard Gazette: "I'm an old-time</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>fighter for Darwinism. I say, `Please tell me what's wrong with</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Darwinism. I can't see anything wrong with Darwinism." For Mayr,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Darwin's contribution to mankind's knowledge of the natural world was</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>revolutionary. During an interview on his 93rd birthday, Mayr commented</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>that one of "Darwin's great contributions was that he replaced</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>theological, or supernatural, science with secular science. Laplace had</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>already done this some 50 years earlier when he explained the whole</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>world to Napoleon. After his explanation, Napoleon replied, `Where is</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>God in your theory?' And Laplace answered, `I don't need that</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>hypothesis.'</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>"Darwin's explanation that all things have a natural cause made the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>belief in a creatively superior mind quite unnecessary. He created</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>asecular world, more so than anyone before him. Certainly many forces</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>were verging in that same direction, but Darwin's work was the crashing</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>arrival of this idea and from that point on the secular viewpoint of the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>world became virtually universal" (2005).</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>In the introduction to his The Growth of Biological Thought, Mayr wrote:</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>"A well-known Soviet theoretician of Marxism once referred to my</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>writings as `pure dialectical materialism.' I am not a Marxist and I do</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>not know the latest definition of dialectical materialism, but I do</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>admit that I share some of Engel's anti-reductionist views, as stated in</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>his Anti-Duhring, and that I am greatly attracted to Hegel's scheme of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>thesis-anti-thesis-synthesis." For the most part, Mayr can be classified</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>as a consistent materialist. However, his outlook stops short of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>embracing historical materialism, falling victim to the widely</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>promulgated viewpoint that history consists of a series of narratives,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>rather than the workings of historical laws.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Mayr was one of the outstanding figures of twentieth century science—</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>brilliant and passionate, with an encyclopedic knowledge of science,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>history and philosophy. His contributions to an understanding of the big</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>questions in biology, not to mention those animating science in general,</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>have been enormous. One can only anticipate that others, in the face of</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>the continuing assault on the scientific world outlook, will take up the</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>defense and further illumination of the fundamental theoretical</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>conquests of biology with equal vigor and erudition.</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px; font: 13.3px Courier; min-height: 16.0px"><BR></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Steven A. Peterson</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Director, School of Public Affairs</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Penn State Capital College</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>777 West Harrisburg Pike</B></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 13.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>Middletown, PA</B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3px;"><B>17057</B></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></BODY></HTML>