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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Talking to Children: Origins of
Terminology<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Many, many thanks to all those who took the time and
trouble to help track down the origins of these stalwart terms from the child
language canon. I have tried to distil the essential sources in what follows,
but Buyer Beware! I do not present this as a definitive list (I still need to
do some more old-fashioned shuffling round real - not virtual - libraries).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The discussion extended rather quickly beyond my
original question, which simply concerned the provenance of terms. In
particular, the appropriateness of different terms with regard to their precision
and relevance was, quite rightly, raised as a key issue. For what it’s
worth, and without going into detail, I think Child Directed Speech (CDS) covers
most of the bases required by child language researchers. And it certainly
seems to have the upper hand as the most popular term in recent times.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(1) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Baby Talk<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The granddaddy (?!) of them all, which goes back at
least to 1956 and almost to 1948:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:26.95pt;text-indent:-26.95pt'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=IT style='font-size:12.0pt'>Casagrande,
J.B. (1948). Comanche baby language.<i><span style='font-style:italic'> </span></i></span><i><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-style:italic'>International Journal of American
Linguistics, 14,</span></i><span lang=EN-GB> 11-14.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:26.95pt;text-indent:-26.95pt'><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ferguson</span></font></st1:City></st1:place><span
lang=EN-GB>, C. A. (1956). Arabic baby talk. In M. Halle (Ed.),<i><span
style='font-style:italic'> For Roman Jakobson: On the occasion of his sixtieth
birthday 11th October 1956.</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">The
Hague</st1:City></st1:place>: Mouton.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(2) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Motherese</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Two competitors here, though InfoCHILDES
correspondents clearly favour Elissa Newport as the True Progenitor:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Newport</span></font></st1:City></st1:place>, E.L.
(1975) Motherese: The speech of mothers to young children. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Newport</span></font></st1:City></st1:place>, E.L.
(1976). Motherese: The speech of mothers to young children. In N.J. Castellan,
D.B. Pisoni & G.R. Potts (Eds.), <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Cognitive
theory (Vol. 2).</span></i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Hillsdale</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">NJ</st1:State></st1:place>: Erlbaum.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Vorster, J. (1975). Mommy
linguist – the case for motherese. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Lingua,
37/4,</span></i> 281-312.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(3) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Child Directed Speech (CDS)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Despite some help from Neil Bohannon, I haven’t
(yet) been able to go further back than his own 1984 paper.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=SV style='font-size:12.0pt'>Warren-Leubecker,
A. & Bohannon, J.N. (1984). </span></font>Intonation patterns in
child-directed speech – mother-father differences. <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Child Development, 55/4,</span></i> 1379-1385.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(4) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Input</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Language<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Like <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>linguistic input</span></i> and <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>exposure language</span></i>, this one is very broad
in scope:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ninio, A.
(1986). The direct mapping of function to form in children’s early
language. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Journal of Psycholinguistic
Research, 15,</span></i> 559 (Abstract).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(5) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Caregiver Talk<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Not quite <i><span style='font-style:italic'>caregiver
talk</span></i> in the references below (maybe it really was a figment of my
imagination), but here are two early uses of <i><span style='font-style:italic'>caregiver</span></i>:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Beckwith, L.,
Cohen, S.E., Kopp, C.B., Parmelee, A.H. & Marcy, T.G. (1976).
Caregiver-infant interaction and early cognitive development in preterm
infants. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Child Development, 47/3,</span></i>
579-587.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cohen, S.E.,
Beckwith, L. & Parmelee, A.H. (1978). Receptive language development in
preterm children as related to caregiver-child interaction. <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Pediatrics, 61/1,</span></i> 16-20.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(6) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Caretaker Talk<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>As Brian Richards points out, this one was not destined to take off in
the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.K.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
(and other Anglophone countries), because <i><span style='font-style:italic'>caretaker</span></i>
means <i><span style='font-style:italic'>janitor</span></i>. Please note, <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>janitor talk</span></i> has not yet been recognised
as a distinct register, used when talking to children, but this seems like a
terrible injustice to me and I shall be mounting a campaign of support very
soon.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=SV style='font-size:12.0pt'>Schachter, F.F.,
Fosha, D., Stemp, S., Brotman, N. & Ganger, S. (1976). </span></font>Everyday
caretaker talk to toddlers vs. 3s and 4s. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Journal
of Child Language, 3/2,</span></i> 221-245.<span lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(7) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Infant Directed Speech<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>I doubt very
much this is the earliest usage, but at least it provides a lead:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cooper, R.P.
& Aslin, R.N. (1990). Preference for infant-directed speech in the first
month after birth. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Child Development, 61/5,</span></i>
1584-1595.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(8) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Linguistic Input<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>This one is all-encompassing. I guess it extends
beyond language learning and is in the same class as <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>linguistic environment</span></i>. Again, I doubt if the following is
the first usage of the term, but it provides something to go on:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Schlesinger,
I.M. (1977). Role of cognitive development and linguistic input in language
acquisition. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Journal of Child Language, 4/2,</span></i>
153-169.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>(9) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Exposure Language<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dan Slobin’s declared favourite. My initial
search does not go back too far, but again, I hope it provides a useful lead.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=SV style='font-size:12.0pt'>Gillette, J.,
Gleitman, H. & Gleitman, L & Lederer, A. (1999). </span><span
lang=EN-GB>Human simulations of vocabulary learning. <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>Cognition, 73/2,</span></i> 135-176.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-style:italic'>(A Few) Miscellaneous References<o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Bohannon, J.,
Stine, E.L. & Ritzenberg, D. (1982). Motherese: The effects of feedback and
experience. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>The Bulletin of the Psychonomic
Society, 19,</span></i> 201-204.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Bohannon, J.
& Warren-Leubecker, A. (1988) Recent developments in child directed speech:
You've come a long way, Baby-Talk. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Language
Science,</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>10, </span></i>89-110.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Phillips, J.R.
(1970).Formal characteristics of speech which mothers address to their young
children. </span></font>Unpublished doctoral dissertation, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Johns</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hopkins</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.<span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>Phillips, J.R.
(1973). Syntax and vocabulary of mothers’ speech to young children: Age
and sex comparisons. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Child Development, 44,</span></i>
182-185.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-27.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*********************************************************************</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Matthew Saxton MA, MSc, DPhil</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on"><font size=3
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>School</span></font></st1:PlaceType><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'> of <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Psychology</st1:PlaceName></span></font></st1:place><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'> and Human Development,</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on"><font size=3
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Institute</span></font></st1:PlaceType><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'> of <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Education</st1:PlaceName></span></font></st1:place><font face=Arial><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'>,</span></font><span lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>25
Woburn Square</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font face=Arial><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'>,</span></font><span lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font size=3
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>London</span></font></st1:place></st1:City><font
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial'>,</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>WC1H 0AA.</span></font><span lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>U.K.</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Tel: +44 (0) 20 7612 6509</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Fax: +44 (0) 20 7612 6304</span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4578&4578_0=10248">http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4578&4578_0=10248</a></span></font><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="http://www.ioe.ac.uk"><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial'>www.ioe.ac.uk</span></font></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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