<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Matthew,<div><br><div> Actually, my analysis was based on this same assumption. The Doppler effect should be clearest between adults and young teens. Labov also emphasizes the role of women in their twenties, alongside young male teens, but the general point is that young people in various social configurations are the chief instigators of new sound patterns, grammaticalizations, neologisms, and the rest. Toddlers are certainly not the sources. Although younger children not innovators in this way, they can play another role in terms of implementing cue hierarchy reconfiguration and leveling. </div><div> Regarding the famous working class/middle class split in the UK and Basil Bernstein's ideas about a restricted code, you may find this analysis of UK preschools interesting, if only historically:</div><div><br></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 36px; text-indent: -36px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; ">MacWhinney, B., & Osser, H. (1977). Verbal planning functions in children's speech. <i>Child Development</i>, 48, 978-985.</div><div style="text-indent: -36px;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Verdana"><br></font></div></div><div>Of course that was all before the large expansion of immigrant populations in the UK. When one factors in the role of having additional L1 sources, then the Linguistic Special Relativity effect would be enhanced. Please don't ask me to do the math.</div><div><br></div><div>-- Brian</div><div><br></div><div><div><div>On Aug 3, 2009, at 6:28 AM, Matthew Saxton wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div lang="EN-GB" link="blue" vlink="purple"><div class="Section1"><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">I think Brian’s suggestion is ingenious. However, to my knowledge, language change is especially driven by young people in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>teenage</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>years – with the introduction of new meanings, terms and phrases – rather than by toddlers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">The perception of a linguistic decline over successive generations is sometimes driven by political considerations. A recent U.K. example is the Bercow Review (by the same John Bercow who is now Speaker of the House of Commons). Without citing any specific sources, his report suggests that:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Approximately 50% of children in some socio-economically disadvantaged populations have speech and language skills that are significantly lower than those of other children of the same age.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">The implication is that a steep decline is in train within the U.K., ascribable to socioeconomic factors. One such factor is whether or not English is the child’s first language. It has become increasingly common for very young children, who have had little exposure to English, to be placed in English-language Nursery settings. Such children will naturally depress average scores on standardised language tests, especially in the early stages of their exposure to English. But one could not argue from such data that the language learning capacities of children had declined in any way.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Matthew Saxton.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">*********************************************************************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Department of Psychology and Human Development,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Institute of Education,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">University of London,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">25 Woburn Square,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">London,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">WC1H 0AA.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Tel: 020-7612-6509<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Fax: 020-7612-6304<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><a href="http://www.ioe.ac.uk/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">http://www.ioe.ac.uk</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div></div><br><br><br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div><br>
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