<div>The following is an excerpt from a chapter on subject realization in English and Spanish by two normally developing bilinguals (upcoming book is <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><font color="#000000"><em>Bilingual
Language Acquisition: Spanish and English in the first six years. CUP).</em> These children did not make any gender errors, but they started using 3 person pronouns well into their 3rd year. Sensitivity to gender may have been helped by contact with Spanish, which marks gender on "everything". They both made the typical errors with 'me' as subject, though not frequently. I have only one example with "her" as subject, from Nico, who is an early acquirer and quite proficient in both languages. Notice mom's model and child correction:</font></span></div><div><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><font color="#000000">
</font><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000000" size="3">Mom:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where’s she
going? [a cousin]</font></p><font color="#000000">
</font><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">N:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[her's
leaving]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2;1.25</b></font></font></p><font color="#000000">
</font><font color="#000000">
</font><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000000" size="3">Mom:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where’s she
going?</font></p><font color="#000000">
</font><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font color="#000000" size="3">N:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[Thrifty, she
wants to buy stuff, shave for tío Fernando]</font></p><font color="#000000">
</font></span></div><div><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'><font color="#000000"></font></span> </div><div><font color="#000000"><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'>"In
English, Nico starts using pronouns at 1;8.2 in the utterance <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I get it</i> (playing with a ball with an
adult). The 94 overt pronouns in his English include: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i> (64 cases); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it</i> in the
item <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it’s</i> (21 cases); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">you</i> (1 in the routine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How are you?</i>, and 6 in the frame <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What (are) you V-ing?</i>); and 2 cases of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">he</i>. These alternate with 8 unexpressed
pronouns: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i> (4), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it</i> (3), and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">you</i> (1). Only
three different frames for the use of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i>
are recorded in Nico’s data throughout the 20<sup>th</sup> month: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I get it</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I don’t like it</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I want X</i>.
Bren starts using the first singular pronoun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i> at 1;10. This is the only pronoun he uses during the early age
period: 11 examples in the frame <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I want
(it) X</i>, 3 cases of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I did it</i>, and
1 in the routine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I coming!</i> (with a
null auxiliary). Of the 10 cases of null subject in Bren’s English only one is
in the context of a second person singular; all other null subjects correspond
to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I </i>with a missing auxiliary (e.g., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">No like it</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">All done</i>). Shared knowledge with the surrounding adults, </span><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'>and the physical and discourse context make up for the children's
initial stage of subject omission."</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'></span></font> </div><div><font color="#000000"><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'>I do not have further dates for English pronouns. For what may be worth, here's information about the Spanish pronouns:</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">AGE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pros (first
appearance)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></font></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">1;11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tú<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>él (1 token)<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;6-2;11:
several tú and él<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font size="3">NO other pronouns.</font></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p><font size="3"> </font></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">FOR NICO:<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yo <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;4:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tú, él<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;5-2;11: several
tú and él<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">2;9:
nosotros (1 token)</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3"> </font></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3"> "Ella" 'she' does not appear. The boys don't have a sister and they refer to mom and other females by name.</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3"></font></span> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-CL;" lang="ES-CL"><font size="3">Carmen Silva-Corvalán</font></span></p>
</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><span style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;'></span></font> </div><div><br>On Saturday, June 16, 2012 2:31:34 PM UTC-7, Snow, Laura wrote:</div><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid;" class="gmail_quote"><div lang="EN-US" vlink="purple" link="blue"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>Dear all,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>I’m trying to determine whether typically developing children ever make errors in pronoun gender (e.g., reverse “he” and “she”), and if so, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>at what point in their language development (and for how long) do these errors occur?</span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>are these errors consistent or intermittent during the time that they occur?</span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>3.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>Do the errors occur mainly in cases of long-distance reference or also with relatively simple utterances (e.g., pointing to a girl and saying, “He has it”)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>In my clinical experiences, I have seen many children with autism who make errors in pronoun gender, and many kids with language disorders (as well as younger, typically developing kids) who make errors in pronoun case (e.g., “her have it”). I can’t say that I’ve ever seen a child make a pronoun gender error who did NOT have autism, but I’m having trouble finding anything in the literature to back up that blanket statement.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>I’m mainly interested in finding formal studies of children learning English, but evidence that is anecdotal and/or from other languages would also be useful!</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Laura Snow, Ph.D., CCC-SLP</p><p class="MsoNormal">University of Washington</p><p class="MsoNormal">Center on Human Development and Disability</p><p class="MsoNormal">Seattle, WA</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div></div></blockquote><br>On Saturday, June 16, 2012 2:31:34 PM UTC-7, Snow, Laura wrote:<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid;" class="gmail_quote"><div lang="EN-US" vlink="purple" link="blue"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>Dear all,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>I’m trying to determine whether typically developing children ever make errors in pronoun gender (e.g., reverse “he” and “she”), and if so, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>1.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>at what point in their language development (and for how long) do these errors occur?</span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>2.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>are these errors consistent or intermittent during the time that they occur?</span></p><p><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'><span>3.<span style='font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;'> </span></span></span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>Do the errors occur mainly in cases of long-distance reference or also with relatively simple utterances (e.g., pointing to a girl and saying, “He has it”)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>In my clinical experiences, I have seen many children with autism who make errors in pronoun gender, and many kids with language disorders (as well as younger, typically developing kids) who make errors in pronoun case (e.g., “her have it”). I can’t say that I’ve ever seen a child make a pronoun gender error who did NOT have autism, but I’m having trouble finding anything in the literature to back up that blanket statement.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style='font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;'>I’m mainly interested in finding formal studies of children learning English, but evidence that is anecdotal and/or from other languages would also be useful!</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Laura Snow, Ph.D., CCC-SLP</p><p class="MsoNormal">University of Washington</p><p class="MsoNormal">Center on Human Development and Disability</p><p class="MsoNormal">Seattle, WA</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div></div></blockquote>
<p></p>
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