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<br /><b>Infoling 11.61 (2012)</b><br />ISSN: 1576-3404 </font>
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<br /><hr /><b>Tesis doctoral: </b><br />Lozano, Cristóbal. 2003.
Universal Grammar and focus constraints. The acquisition of pronouns
and word order in non-native Spanish. Essex (Reino Unido), Language
and Linguistics.<br /><b>Tesis completa en el Archivo de Infoling:</b>
<a href='http://www.infoling.org/repository/ID/91'
target='_blank'>http://www.infoling.org/repository/ID/91</a><br
/><b>Enlace externo</b>: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10481/22164"
target="_blank">http://hdl.handle.net/10481/22164</a><br
/><b>Información de:</b> Cristóbal Lozano
<cristoballozano@ugr.es><br />Compartir: <a
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/><b>Director/a de tesis: </b>Roger Hawkins <br /><br
/><b>Descripción</b><br /><p>A recent controversy in second language
acquisition research concerns the extent to which adult non-native
intuitions differ from adult native intuitions at advanced and
near-native levels of competence (end-states). Two (apparently)
contradictory findings pervade the L2 literature: while some studies
reveal that learners can indeed achieve native-like intuitions, other
findings show that they display near-native and optional intuitions.
In short, there is a debate about whether adult non-native
interlanguage grammars converge with (or diverge from) adult native
grammars.<br />The first type of studies (convergence) focuses on
constructions that are claimed to be part of the innate principles of
Universal Grammar (UG), which typically represent a
poverty-of-the-stimulus (POS) phenomenon. The second type (divergence)
normally focuses on parameterisable functional features where the L1
and L2 values differ.<br /><br />In this study I test whether this is
the expected trend in advanced non-native Spanish acquisition, i.e.,
that learners show convergent knowledge where UG principles are
involved, but divergent knowledge where parametric values differ
between the native and the target language.<br />In particular, I
investigate the distribution of overt and null pronominal subjects in
Spanish, which is constrained by a principle of UG, the Overt Pronoun
Constraint (OPC), and by a language-specific constraint, the
Contrastive Focus Constraint (CFC). Similarly, the distribution of
Subject-Verb (SV) and Verb-Subject (VS) word order is constrained by
two principles of UG, namely, the Unaccusative Hypothesis (UH) and the
Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis (UTAH), and by a
language-specific constraint, presentational focus. <br /><br
/>Results from two experiments (pronominal distribution and word order
distribution) reveal that English learners of L2 Spanish and Greek
learners of L3 Spanish show convergent (native-like) intuitions with
respect to the principles of UG (OPC and UH/UTAH), while showing
divergent (near-native and optional) intuitions in cases where the
strength of the parameterisable focus head differs between their L1
and their L2/L3 Spanish (contrastive and presentational focus
environments).</p><br /><b>Área temática:</b> Español como lengua
extranjera (ELE), Español como segunda lengua (EL2)<br /><br
/><b>Índice</b><br /><p>Abstract<br /><br />Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION<br /><br />Chapter 2. UG CONSTRAINTS AND DISCURSIVE
CONSTRAINTS<br />2.1 UG constraints: Principles of UG<br
/>2.2 Discursive constraints: parameterisable Focus0<br />2.2.1 Topic
vs. Focus<br />2.2.2 The representational nature of the [+Focus]
feature<br />2.2.3 Three types of focus: interpretive differences<br
/>2.2.3.1 Neutral focus<br />2.2.3.2 Contrastive focus<br
/>2.2.3.3 Presentational focus.<br />2.2.4 Three types of focus:
syntactic differences<br />2.2.4.1 Neutral focus: no structural
position<br />2.2.4.2 Contrastive focus: the CP domain<br
/>2.2.4.3 Presentational focus: the TP domain<br
/>2.2.5 Parameterisation of the focus head, Foc0<br
/>2.2.5.1 Contrastive focus: feature strength<br
/>2.2.5.2 Presentational focus: feature strength<br
/>2.2.6 Cross-linguistic evidence for Foc0<br />2.3 Summary of chapter
2<br /><br />Chapter 3. POSSIBLE PATTERNS OF L2 ULTIMATE ATTAINMENT
AND L2/L3 INFLUENCE<br />3.1 Convergent vs. divergent L2 intuitions<br
/>3.2 The nature of L1/L2 influence on L3 acquisition<br
/>3.2.1 Singleton (1987)<br />3.2.2 Klein (1995)<br />3.2.3 Dewaele
(1998, 2001)<br />3.2.4 Hufeisen (1999)<br />3.2.5 Other studies<br
/>3.2.6 Conclusion on L1/L2 influence on L3<br />3.3 Summary of
chapter 3<br /><br />Chapter 4. THE DISTRIBUTION OF NULL AND OVERT
PRONOMINAL SUBJECTS<br />4.1 Introduction<br />4.2 The (apparent) free
distribution of overt and null pronominal subjects<br
/>4.3 Constraints on pronominal subjects<br />4.3.1 Overt Pronoun
Constraint<br />4.3.2 Contrastive Focus Constraint<br />4.4 Pronominal
subjects and focus<br />4.5 The syntax of null and overt pronominal
subjects<br />4.6 A review of the L2 literature on pronouns<br
/>4.6.1 Pérez-Leroux and Glass (1997, 1999)<br />4.6.2 Kanno (1997,
1998a)<br />4.6.3 Marsden (1998)<br />4.6.4 Conclusion on the
literature review<br />4.7 Summary of chapter 4<br /><br />Chapter
5. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY #1: OVERT/NULL PRONOMINAL SUBJECTS<br
/>5.1 Introduction<br />5.2 Method<br />5.2.1 Subjects<br
/>5.2.2 Instrument<br />5.2.3 OPC contexts<br />5.2.4 CFC contexts<br
/>5.3 Data analysis<br />5.4 Results<br />5.4.1 OPC results<br
/>5.4.2 CFC results<br />5.5 Discussion<br />5.5.1 OPC contexts<br
/>5.5.2 CFC contexts<br />5.5.3 The role of input<br
/>5.6 Conclusion<br />5.7 Summary of chapter 5<br /><br />Chapter
6. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SV AND VS WORD ORDER<br />6.1 Introduction<br
/>6.2 The (apparent) free alternation of SV and VS<br />6.3 Neutral
focus contexts: SV and VS distribution<br />6.3.1 The Unaccusative
Hypothesis (UH)<br />6.3.2 Cross-linguistic evidence for UH<br
/>6.3.3 Classification of unaccusatives<br />6.3.4 A list of core
unaccusatives in Spanish<br />6.4 Presentational focus contexts: SV
and VS distribution<br />6.5 Conclusion on neutral vs. presentational
contexts<br />6.6 A review of the L2 literature on unaccusatives<br
/>6.6.1 De Miguel (1993)<br />6.6.2 Sorace (1993a)<br />6.6.3 Balcom
(1997)<br />6.6.4 Hertel and Pérez-Leroux (1999)<br />6.6.5 Montrul
(1999)<br />6.6.6 Hirakawa (1999)<br />6.6.7 Hertel (2000)<br
/>6.6.8 Sorace & Shomura (2001)<br />6.6.9 Conclusion on the
literature review<br />6.7 Summary of chapter 6<br /><br />Chapter
7. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY #2: SV/VS WORD ORDER<br />7.1 Introduction<br
/>7.2 Method<br />7.2.1 Subjects<br />7.2.2 Instrument<br
/>7.2.3 Neutral focus contexts<br />7.2.4 Presentational focus
contexts<br />7.3 Data analysis<br />7.4 Results<br
/>7.4.1 Unergatives, neutral focus context<br />7.4.2 Unaccusatives,
neutral focus contexts<br />7.4.3 Unergatives, presentational focus
contexts<br />7.4.4 Unaccusatives, presentational focus contexts<br
/>7.5 Discussion<br />7.5.1 Neutral focus contexts<br
/>7.5.2 Presentational focus contexts<br />7.5.3 Optionality<br
/>7.5.3.1 MSIH (Prévost & White, 2000)<br />7.5.3.2 VF (Eubank, 1996)
and LIH (Beck, 1998)<br />7.5.4 Optionality vs. near-nativeness<br
/>7.5.5 Optionality and optimal language design<br />7.5.6 The role of
input<br />7.5.7 The privileged language in parametric transfer<br
/>7.6 Conclusion<br />7.7 Summary of chapter 7<br /><br />Chapter
8. CONCLUSION<br /><br />APPENDICES<br /><br />8.1 Linguistic tests<br
/>8.1.1 Linguistic background questionnaire<br />8.1.2 Spanish
placement test (University of Wisconsin, 1997)<br />8.1.3 English
placement test (Allan, 1992)<br />8.1.4 Instructions for acceptability
judgement tests (AJTs)<br />8.1.5 Acceptability judgement test (AJT):
test 1, pilot<br />8.1.6 Acceptability judgement test (AJT): test 1,
version 1<br />8.1.7 Acceptability judgement test (AJT): test 1,
version 2<br />8.1.8 Acceptability judgement test (AJT): test 2,
pilot<br />8.1.9 Acceptability judgement test (AJT): test 2, version
1<br />8.1.10 Acceptability judgement test (AJT): test 2, version 2<br
/>8.2 Data: Experimental study #1<br />8.2.1 Raw data<br
/>8.2.2 Descriptives<br />8.2.3 One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff fit
test<br />8.2.4 t-test (within groups)<br />8.2.5 One-way ANOVA,
independent groups (between groups)<br />8.2.6 Two-way ANOVA, repeated
measures<br />7.1.1.1 OPC contexts<br />7.1.1.2 CFC contexts<br
/>8.3 Data: Experimental study #2<br />8.3.1 Raw data<br
/>8.3.2 Descriptives<br />8.3.3 One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff fit
test<br />8.3.4 t-test (within groups)<br />8.3.5 One-way ANOVA,
independent groups (between groups)<br />8.3.6 Two-way ANOVA, repeated
measures<br />7.1.1.3 Unergative, neutral context<br
/>7.1.1.4 Unaccusative, neutral context<br />7.1.1.5 Unergative,
presentational contex<br />7.1.1.6 Unaccusative, presentational
context<br /><br />REFERENCES</p><br /><b>Fecha de lectura o
defensa:</b> abril de 2003<br /><br /><b>Número de págs.:</b> 322<br
/><br /><b>Correo-e del autor/a:</b> <cristoballozano@ugr.es><br
/><br /><b>Información en la web de Infoling:</b><br /> <a
href="http://www.infoling.org/informacion/T91.html" target="_blank">
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