From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:45:03 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:45:03 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: manuscripts]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204503.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: manuscripts
Date: Sun, 10 Feb 2002 19:06:10 -0500
From: "H.M. Hubey" <hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu>
To: koehler at ldv35.uni-trier.de



Dear Dr. Koehler,

I hope you are doing well.

I am very concerned about what is happening with my manuscripts.

It has been a very very long time since I submitted them and since
they have been reviewed.

Sincerely

H.M. Hubey




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: mail
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 2000 12:23:00 +0200
From: Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de (Hans Holm)
Organization: MAUS Hannover 2
To: HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu

Sir,

HMH>Is there any news about the manuscripts?

.. What do you mean by news?
I sent the report on the manuscripts to Prof. Koehler, as required. He
is
the editor.

Regards
Hans J. Holm
D-30629 Hannover

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
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Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:46:55 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:46:55 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned
 mail]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204655.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned mail
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2000 13:23:15 +0000
From: "H. Mark Hubey" <HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu>
Organization: Montclair State University
To: Hans Holm <Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de>
References: <200003090835.p3176 at h2.maus.de>

Hi,

I would like to mail a CD to you with

1) .ps, .pdf and .doc (and/or .txt) files of both papers
2) printouts of both

I am not sure the address below is the way it is supposed to be.

Should I send it to

Hans J. Holm
Meckauerweg 18
D-30629 Hannover
Germany


The files are very large. One of them, even as txt is 105KB. Please
let me know the correct address and I will immediately send the
materials. The papers have been delayed too long.


Hans Holm wrote:
>
> Dear Dr. Hubey,
>
> Since I already do have the graphics in a fine quality, a simple
> ASCII-text would suffice and would also be the smallest risk of being
> contaminated by a lot of filters.
>
> Additionally this Dutch Publishing House sticks to the "Publisher's Manual
> of the American Psychological Association" (APA) - in my eyes somewhat
> old-fashioned & idiosyncratic.
>
> Regards
> Hans J. Holm, Meckauerweg 18, D-30629 Hannover
> Tel=FAX x49-511-9585714. (e-mails only <16KB please - sorry)

--
Regards, Mark
/\/\/\/\/\....I love humanity. It's people I can't stand...../\/\/\/\/\
==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu =-=-=-=-=-=
http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:48:13 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:48:13 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned
 mail]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204813.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned mail
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2000 23:22:07 +0000
From: "H. Mark Hubey" <HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu>
Organization: Montclair State University
To: Hans Holm <Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de>
References: <200003210802.p4076 at h2.maus.de>



Hans Holm wrote:
>
> Dear Dr. Hubey,
>
> MH>All you need is the Acrobat Reader from Adobe. It is up to version 4
> MH>now, and it is free. The .pdf format is also now a de facto standard
> MH>since the USA NSF for math has standardized on it. Likely the MathML
> MH>will make use of it. You can download Acrobat from their site and it
> MH>will work. You can add that to Netscape as a plug-in and you won't
> MH>have any problems.
> .. thank's for the information.
> The only problem seems to be the printer driver of Prof. Koehler's
> division at TRIER-University. And he is extremely stressed and
> "overworked". So we shouldn't bother him in the moment.

Well, I sent the stuff to your address.

> I myself am happily working with my Atari-TT machine - up to now being
> able to import a dozen types of ASCII, RTF, and HTML.
> .. So I repeat: I only and urgently need the plain ASCII text. You could
> try to attach it to an e-mail in the same coding as our PMs which
> obviously works perfectly. My provider then will cut it off, put it into
> my so called "personal program part" and send me a warning not to exceed
> 16 kB in the future or to pay for it seperately. So that's a smaller
> problem.


Today I mailed paper copies of both manuscripts. A CD is included which
has .pdf, .ps, .doc and .txt versions of both manuscripts. You should
have the stuff in a few days.

I do not use a PC at work. I have a Unix machine in my office. I am
not aware of any pgm that will divide things up into little pieces.
It is messing around like this that causes problems. I send and receive
attachments of all kinds without any problems at all so I never
bothered to do things in any other way. Generally the more one mixes
things up, the worse it gets.



> Regards
> Hans J. Holm
> D-30629 Hannover

--
Regards, Mark
/\/\/\/\/\....I love humanity. It's people I can't stand...../\/\/\/\/\
==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu =-=-=-=-=-=
http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:50:34 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:50:34 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Manuscripts]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.205034.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>


It seems like I botched up something and sent a more
recent version. Since I do not have an earlier version
I cannot say, but I have no reason to suspect him
of lying. I still have no idea what is happening with
my manuscripts.



-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Manuscripts
Date: Fri, 31 Mar 00 10:32:00 GMT
From: Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de (Hans Holm)
Organization: MausNet (Mitglied im IN e.V.)
To: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

Dear Prof. Hubey,

Of course I received 2 different manuscripts.

1. "Mathematical Methods in Historical Linguistics: their use, misuse
and
    abuse"
    Question: Is this changed in respect to my version of may 23, 1999?

2. "The Comparative Method" - Dated 3/10/00;
    Question: What am I supposed to do with that? It seems really better
than
    the first one.

    Regards
Hans J. Holm
D-30629 Hannover

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu


From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:55:06 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:55:06 -0500
Subject: [language] no more
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.205506.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



There will be  no more emails about my papers.


However I have an announcement.

I should have done this before but I got sidetracked with
other work. I should have formed a "support list" or "support
site" like those for books by Stallings (in comp sci).

Since this list is for quant ling, I will also make this
list the "support list" for "Mathematical Foundations of
Linguistics". That will guarantee that there will be quantitative
discussions regarding aspects of linguistics on this list.


I will send something about this to the LinguistList and also
to sci.lang soon (RSN!).

Meanwhile, you may feel free to make the announcement to other
lists.

--

Regards,

Mark
Computer Science
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu


From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Mon Apr  8 00:40:24 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2002 20:40:24 -0400
Subject: [language] DIMACS Seminar on Math and CS in Biology
Message-ID: <SUN.7.APR.2002.204024.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
-------------- next part --------------
Does anyone know more about this?

http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/Events/1996/Titles/1996/Warnow.html
--

Regards,

Mark
Computer Science
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

-------------- next part --------------
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---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu

From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Sat Apr 13 02:53:08 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 2002 22:53:08 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: My manuscripts]
Message-ID: <FRI.12.APR.2002.225308.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: My manuscripts
Date: Wed, 17 Oct 2001 02:41:30 -0400
From: "H.M. Hubey" <hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu>
To: Reinhard Koehler <koehler at ldv35.uni-trier.de>

Dear Dr. Koehler,

It has been over two years since I submitted my manuscripts and they
should have
been published by now. What is the status of the papers?


--
M. Hubey

hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu
/\/\/\/\//\/\/\/\/\/\/http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu


From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Fri Apr 19 16:57:37 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 12:57:37 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: BISC: CFP/ Wang-Zadeh]
Message-ID: <FRI.19.APR.2002.125737.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: BISC: CFP/ Wang-Zadeh
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 14:46:46 +0200 (MEST)
From: Masoud Nikravesh <nikravesh at cs.berkeley.edu>
Reply-To: nikravesh at cs.berkeley.edu
To: Multiple recipients of list <fuzzy-mail at dbai.tuwien.ac.at>

*********************************************************************
Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC)
*********************************************************************

         Call For Participations


         Computing With Words - Semantics

The increasing amount of hyperlinked human knowledge available on
the web has shifted the research focus to the search engines that
will deliver the needed information quickly. This demand has
triggered a revisitation of the long standing issue of semantics,
which was never addressed adequately by information theory or
linguistic theory.Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic,on the other hand,
provide a powerful mathematical tool in modeling "semantics."

The organization and the manipulation of information, knowledge
base constructiuon and discovery, information retrieval and
logical inferencing all have to deal with semantics in a very
fundamental way. Unless we experience a breakthrough in under-
standing semantics, especially related to machine automation, it
will be difficult to make a quantum jump in accessing, creating,
and modifying information.

We are encouraged by the recent publications related to the
semantics issues of the natural language processing.I.Kobayashi,
M.Chang & M.Sugeno have worked on the meaning processing of
dialogue. Guoqung Chen deals with semantics in fuzzy association
rules. P.Subasic & A.Huettner have investigated the problem of
fuzzy semantic typing.Jonathan Lawry has studied the issue of
modeling with words. Fred Petry & Patrick Perrin handle knowledge
discovery in texts of which semantics of the words play important
role.Finally,Paul P.Wang & M.Xia use words as "features" in an
information retrieval system for moives selection.

In addition to applications,we also welcome theoretical works on
semantics as related to machine automation and translation.The
mathematical modeling of natural language inside the brains from
the anatomical,electrophysiological and genomic standpoints is
particularly welcome!It is our expectation that this edited
volume will be a truly multiple disciplinary one.

This proposed volume will be co-edited by Paul P.Wang & Lotfi A.
Zadeh.All finished manuscripts should be mailed to:

Professor Paul P.Wang
Box 90291 ,Duke University
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Pratt School of Engineering
Durham ,N.C. 27708-0291
U.S.A.

e-mail : ppw at ee.duke.edu
fax : 919-660-5293
voice : 919-660-5259

Please mail six {6} hard copies for reviewing on or before
August 1,2002. The average length of the article should be 25 pages.
Two pages summary can be sent at anytime for planning purpose.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
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############################################################################
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---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Mon Apr 22 01:13:48 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2002 21:13:48 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software]
Message-ID: <SUN.21.APR.2002.211348.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 23:13:22 +0000
From: LINGUIST List <linguist at linguistlist.org>
Reply-To: linguist at linguistlist.org
To: LINGUIST at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG

LINGUIST List:  Vol-13-1091. Fri Apr 19 2002. ISSN: 1068-4875.

Subject: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software


1)
Date:  Thu, 18 Apr 2002 11:44:17 -0700
From:  Jo Rubba <jrubba at calpoly.edu>
Subject:  Praat phonetic analysis software

-------------------------------- Message 1
-------------------------------

Date:  Thu, 18 Apr 2002 11:44:17 -0700
From:  Jo Rubba <jrubba at calpoly.edu>
Subject:  Praat phonetic analysis software


A very long time ago, I posted a query to the list asking for software
that would record sounds and produce spectrograms. Several people wrote
back recommending Praat, a program available from the website

http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/

Paul Boersma and David Weenink are making this program available. I was
not able to find time to even experiment with it until recently, and now
that I have, I'm sorry I didn't do so sooner. It's a fabulous program,
with many options that outstrip my modest needs of the moment (being
able to record sounds and share phonetic analyses with my students). I
thought at first that Praat would be too hard to learn, but its makers
have gone out of their way to make it user-friendly.

I'm sorry to have taken so long to report on my query; I encourage
anyone looking for software like this to investigate Praat's terrific
capabilities. And thanks to Paul and Dave for the fantastic work they've
done!

***************************************************
Johanna Rubba, Associate Professor, Linguistics
English Department, Cal Poly State University
San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
Tel. 805-756-2184 ~ Dept. phone 805-756-2596
Dept. fax: 805-756-6374 ~  E-mail: jrubba at calpoly.edu			
URL: http://www.cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba		
***************************************************

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINGUIST List: Vol-13-1091

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu


From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Thu Apr 25 03:29:28 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2002 23:29:28 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures]
Message-ID: <WED.24.APR.2002.232928.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



For those who do not subscribe to the Linguist List. This issue is
very interesting especially since it deals with quantitative
topics.


-------- Original Message --------
Subject: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2002 01:46:21 +0000
From: LINGUIST List <linguist at linguistlist.org>
Reply-To: linguist at linguistlist.org
To: LINGUIST at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG

LINGUIST List:  Vol-13-1146. Wed Apr 24 2002. ISSN: 1068-4875.

Subject: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures

.....

Home Page:  http://linguistlist.org/

The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University, Wayne
State University, and donations from subscribers and publishers.



Editor for this issue: Marie Klopfenstein <marie at linguistlist.org>

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
important considerations.

You are currently subscribed to language as: language at listserv.linguistlist.org
To unsubscribe send a blank email to leave-language-4283Y at csam-lists.montclair.edu


From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Sat Apr 27 02:18:42 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2002 22:18:42 -0400
Subject: [language] Neandertals
Message-ID: <FRI.26.APR.2002.221842.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/010710_neanderthal.shtml



      Neanderthal's Gift Of Speech

      Neanderthals were once portrayed by scientists as primitive
cavemen. These
      ancient humans, who inhabited Europe 30,000 years ago, were
believed to
      grunt and were considered incapable of creating specialised tools.

      In the last three decades, the image of the Neanderthal has
undergone a large
      revision with scientists challenging each other's research on this
race's ability
      to speak.

      But now, a group of scientists are no longer asking could they
speak?, but
      rather, how clear was their speech? Science In Action
investigates.

To listen to the programme, please click here
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/ram/neanderthal.ram



      Origin Of Speech

      There are several theories on when people began to communicate
through
      speech. Some scientists believe the ability to speak arose with
the creativity
      and self-awareness needed to create stone technology over two
million years
      ago. In order to convey tool-making technology, a form of spoken
language
      was needed.

      Others believe speech began appearing 40,000 years ago. It is
feasible that
      Homo neanderthalensis, or Neanderthal, discussed the meaning of
cave art and
      other artifacts, such as flutes, through words with their kin.

      If this ancient race had vocal capabilities, it would mean that
speech evolved
      earlier than evidence suggests. The stocky and muscular
Neanderthals, the
      survivors of many Ice Ages, had inhabited Europe for 200,000
years.

      Material Evidence

      While stone technology and cave art constitute material evidence,
brain
      structure and words clearly do not and cannot be analysed in the
same way, so
      how do researchers study ancient speech capabilities?

      The answer lies in recreating the computer models of the human
vocal tract,
      which includes the larynx or Adam's apple, the windpipe and the
area inside
      the mouth, neither of which fossilise.

      Vocal Tract Anatomies

      Franklin Yates, at George Washington University, US, simply
assumes that
      Neanderthals were able to speak and focuses his study on
establishing the
      clarity of their speech.

      Because speech is related to vocal tract anatomy, he has created
several models
      of these, based on different species of apes, on his computer.

      'I estimated what a Neanderthal's vocal tract would look like if
it had a
      human-like vocal tract as well as a chimp-like vocal tract. You
can input
      the basic shapes into a computer programme, which returns the
acoustical
      properties for the vowel “e”.'



      This vowel is then subjected to tests to establish how clear it
sounds.

      The Vowel Test

      Analysing the sound of vowels is important because they are
present in
      modern human speech. Some studies, such as one headed by linguist
Philip
      Lieberman, in 1992, concluded Neanderthals were unable to
pronounce the
      vowels – “a”, “i”, and “u”, as well as the consonants “k” and “g”.
He
      claimed Neanderthals had a tongue and larynx badly placed for
producing the
      range of sounds necessary for modern language.

      Dr Erik Trinkaus, at Washington University, refuted this by
contending a
      species may not have needed the modern range of vowels to produce
speech.

      In his study, Yates has been testing the “e” vowel on models of
chimpanzees,
      humans and Neanderthals. The results suggest Neanderthals would
have had
      deeper voices than humans.

      'Our results depend on how we model the “e” vocal tract for the
Neanderthal,
      because his tract, if it's modelled like a human, is very long,
25% longer than
      our own, on average.'

      'Their voices would have been very deep compared to our own. They
      would have had an entirely different octave range. So if Barry
White had
      sung in a choir of Neanderthals, he would have been the tenor.'



      If the Neanderthal's vocal tract had been similar to that of
chimpanzees, the
      windpipe would have been shorter. Speech would have been slushy
and
      difficult to understand. Modelled as humans, their voices would
have been
      deep, like a bass.

      The Decline of A Species

      Settling the question of the Neanderthal's vocal capability, and
its efficacy, is
      important because it would provide at least one reason for
explaining why
      modern humans, or Homo sapiens, came to dominate earth and the
      Neanderthal population began to decline and eventually became
extinct.

      A communication skill like speech, and the organisational
abilities and
      diversity it would have spawned, could have given modern humans an

      advantage over their speech-deficient rivals - the Neanderthals
who inhabited
      the same area of Europe.

      A completely different theory proposes that when modern humans
dispersed
      into Europe, in some areas they replaced the resident Neanderthals
and in
      others interbred with them.

      In Portugal, the bones of a 24,500-year-old boy show features that
belong to
      both races.


      After theorising on how these ancient ancestors pronounced their
words, an
      important question remains a mystery: What did our ancient
ancestors
      actually say?

--
M. Hubey

hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu
/\/\/\/\//\/\/\/\/\/\/http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey



---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr 30 00:36:06 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 2002 20:36:06 -0400
Subject: [language] A legacy of swans left to science]
Message-ID: <MON.29.APR.2002.203606.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




A legacy of swans left to science

He is thought of as rightwing but is Karl Popper just misunderstood?
Roger
James on the centenary of a controversial philosopher

Saturday April 27, 2002
The Guardian

Until about 30 years ago scientists mostly believed that their task was
to find
as many examples as they could to confirm their theories. Now they
realise that
they have to look for examples that are apparently inconsistent with
them. Karl
Popper is to blame, and particularly his slogan "No number of sightings
of
white swans can prove the theory that all swans are white. The sighting
of just
one black one may disprove it." Scientists now look for black swans and
if they
cannot find any, they can feel reasonably confident that their theory is
right,
although not yet proved. It is, in the present state of knowledge, the
best
approximation to the truth.

Full text
http://www.guardian.co.uk/saturday_review/story/0,3605,691156,00.html

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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:45:03 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:45:03 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: manuscripts]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204503.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: manuscripts
Date: Sun, 10 Feb 2002 19:06:10 -0500
From: "H.M. Hubey" <hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu>
To: koehler at ldv35.uni-trier.de



Dear Dr. Koehler,

I hope you are doing well.

I am very concerned about what is happening with my manuscripts.

It has been a very very long time since I submitted them and since
they have been reviewed.

Sincerely

H.M. Hubey




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: mail
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 2000 12:23:00 +0200
From: Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de (Hans Holm)
Organization: MAUS Hannover 2
To: HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu

Sir,

HMH>Is there any news about the manuscripts?

.. What do you mean by news?
I sent the report on the manuscripts to Prof. Koehler, as required. He
is
the editor.

Regards
Hans J. Holm
D-30629 Hannover

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:46:55 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:46:55 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned
 mail]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204655.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned mail
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2000 13:23:15 +0000
From: "H. Mark Hubey" <HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu>
Organization: Montclair State University
To: Hans Holm <Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de>
References: <200003090835.p3176 at h2.maus.de>

Hi,

I would like to mail a CD to you with

1) .ps, .pdf and .doc (and/or .txt) files of both papers
2) printouts of both

I am not sure the address below is the way it is supposed to be.

Should I send it to

Hans J. Holm
Meckauerweg 18
D-30629 Hannover
Germany


The files are very large. One of them, even as txt is 105KB. Please
let me know the correct address and I will immediately send the
materials. The papers have been delayed too long.


Hans Holm wrote:
>
> Dear Dr. Hubey,
>
> Since I already do have the graphics in a fine quality, a simple
> ASCII-text would suffice and would also be the smallest risk of being
> contaminated by a lot of filters.
>
> Additionally this Dutch Publishing House sticks to the "Publisher's Manual
> of the American Psychological Association" (APA) - in my eyes somewhat
> old-fashioned & idiosyncratic.
>
> Regards
> Hans J. Holm, Meckauerweg 18, D-30629 Hannover
> Tel=FAX x49-511-9585714. (e-mails only <16KB please - sorry)

--
Regards, Mark
/\/\/\/\/\....I love humanity. It's people I can't stand...../\/\/\/\/\
==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu =-=-=-=-=-=
http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
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your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:48:13 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:48:13 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned
 mail]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.204813.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Re: Quantitative Lingusistics; was: Returned mail
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2000 23:22:07 +0000
From: "H. Mark Hubey" <HubeyH at Mail.Montclair.edu>
Organization: Montclair State University
To: Hans Holm <Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de>
References: <200003210802.p4076 at h2.maus.de>



Hans Holm wrote:
>
> Dear Dr. Hubey,
>
> MH>All you need is the Acrobat Reader from Adobe. It is up to version 4
> MH>now, and it is free. The .pdf format is also now a de facto standard
> MH>since the USA NSF for math has standardized on it. Likely the MathML
> MH>will make use of it. You can download Acrobat from their site and it
> MH>will work. You can add that to Netscape as a plug-in and you won't
> MH>have any problems.
> .. thank's for the information.
> The only problem seems to be the printer driver of Prof. Koehler's
> division at TRIER-University. And he is extremely stressed and
> "overworked". So we shouldn't bother him in the moment.

Well, I sent the stuff to your address.

> I myself am happily working with my Atari-TT machine - up to now being
> able to import a dozen types of ASCII, RTF, and HTML.
> .. So I repeat: I only and urgently need the plain ASCII text. You could
> try to attach it to an e-mail in the same coding as our PMs which
> obviously works perfectly. My provider then will cut it off, put it into
> my so called "personal program part" and send me a warning not to exceed
> 16 kB in the future or to pay for it seperately. So that's a smaller
> problem.


Today I mailed paper copies of both manuscripts. A CD is included which
has .pdf, .ps, .doc and .txt versions of both manuscripts. You should
have the stuff in a few days.

I do not use a PC at work. I have a Unix machine in my office. I am
not aware of any pgm that will divide things up into little pieces.
It is messing around like this that causes problems. I send and receive
attachments of all kinds without any problems at all so I never
bothered to do things in any other way. Generally the more one mixes
things up, the worse it gets.



> Regards
> Hans J. Holm
> D-30629 Hannover

--
Regards, Mark
/\/\/\/\/\....I love humanity. It's people I can't stand...../\/\/\/\/\
==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu =-=-=-=-=-=
http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:50:34 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:50:34 -0500
Subject: [language] [Fwd: Manuscripts]
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.205034.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>


It seems like I botched up something and sent a more
recent version. Since I do not have an earlier version
I cannot say, but I have no reason to suspect him
of lying. I still have no idea what is happening with
my manuscripts.



-------- Original Message --------
Subject: Manuscripts
Date: Fri, 31 Mar 00 10:32:00 GMT
From: Hans_Holm at h2.maus.de (Hans Holm)
Organization: MausNet (Mitglied im IN e.V.)
To: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

Dear Prof. Hubey,

Of course I received 2 different manuscripts.

1. "Mathematical Methods in Historical Linguistics: their use, misuse
and
    abuse"
    Question: Is this changed in respect to my version of may 23, 1999?

2. "The Comparative Method" - Dated 3/10/00;
    Question: What am I supposed to do with that? It seems really better
than
    the first one.

    Regards
Hans J. Holm
D-30629 Hannover

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr  2 01:55:06 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2002 20:55:06 -0500
Subject: [language] no more
Message-ID: <MON.1.APR.2002.205506.0500.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



There will be  no more emails about my papers.


However I have an announcement.

I should have done this before but I got sidetracked with
other work. I should have formed a "support list" or "support
site" like those for books by Stallings (in comp sci).

Since this list is for quant ling, I will also make this
list the "support list" for "Mathematical Foundations of
Linguistics". That will guarantee that there will be quantitative
discussions regarding aspects of linguistics on this list.


I will send something about this to the LinguistList and also
to sci.lang soon (RSN!).

Meanwhile, you may feel free to make the announcement to other
lists.

--

Regards,

Mark
Computer Science
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Mon Apr  8 00:40:24 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2002 20:40:24 -0400
Subject: [language] DIMACS Seminar on Math and CS in Biology
Message-ID: <SUN.7.APR.2002.204024.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
-------------- next part --------------
Does anyone know more about this?

http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/Events/1996/Titles/1996/Warnow.html
--

Regards,

Mark
Computer Science
hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu

-------------- next part --------------
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---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Sat Apr 13 02:53:08 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 2002 22:53:08 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: My manuscripts]
Message-ID: <FRI.12.APR.2002.225308.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: My manuscripts
Date: Wed, 17 Oct 2001 02:41:30 -0400
From: "H.M. Hubey" <hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu>
To: Reinhard Koehler <koehler at ldv35.uni-trier.de>

Dear Dr. Koehler,

It has been over two years since I submitted my manuscripts and they
should have
been published by now. What is the status of the papers?


--
M. Hubey

hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu
/\/\/\/\//\/\/\/\/\/\/http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey

---<><><><><><><><><><><><>----Language----<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Copyrights/"Fair Use":  http://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things
such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education
about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. That's
important so that copyright law doesn't block your freedom to express
your own works -- only the ability to express other people's.
Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are
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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Fri Apr 19 16:57:37 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 12:57:37 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: BISC: CFP/ Wang-Zadeh]
Message-ID: <FRI.19.APR.2002.125737.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: BISC: CFP/ Wang-Zadeh
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 14:46:46 +0200 (MEST)
From: Masoud Nikravesh <nikravesh at cs.berkeley.edu>
Reply-To: nikravesh at cs.berkeley.edu
To: Multiple recipients of list <fuzzy-mail at dbai.tuwien.ac.at>

*********************************************************************
Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC)
*********************************************************************

         Call For Participations


         Computing With Words - Semantics

The increasing amount of hyperlinked human knowledge available on
the web has shifted the research focus to the search engines that
will deliver the needed information quickly. This demand has
triggered a revisitation of the long standing issue of semantics,
which was never addressed adequately by information theory or
linguistic theory.Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic,on the other hand,
provide a powerful mathematical tool in modeling "semantics."

The organization and the manipulation of information, knowledge
base constructiuon and discovery, information retrieval and
logical inferencing all have to deal with semantics in a very
fundamental way. Unless we experience a breakthrough in under-
standing semantics, especially related to machine automation, it
will be difficult to make a quantum jump in accessing, creating,
and modifying information.

We are encouraged by the recent publications related to the
semantics issues of the natural language processing.I.Kobayashi,
M.Chang & M.Sugeno have worked on the meaning processing of
dialogue. Guoqung Chen deals with semantics in fuzzy association
rules. P.Subasic & A.Huettner have investigated the problem of
fuzzy semantic typing.Jonathan Lawry has studied the issue of
modeling with words. Fred Petry & Patrick Perrin handle knowledge
discovery in texts of which semantics of the words play important
role.Finally,Paul P.Wang & M.Xia use words as "features" in an
information retrieval system for moives selection.

In addition to applications,we also welcome theoretical works on
semantics as related to machine automation and translation.The
mathematical modeling of natural language inside the brains from
the anatomical,electrophysiological and genomic standpoints is
particularly welcome!It is our expectation that this edited
volume will be a truly multiple disciplinary one.

This proposed volume will be co-edited by Paul P.Wang & Lotfi A.
Zadeh.All finished manuscripts should be mailed to:

Professor Paul P.Wang
Box 90291 ,Duke University
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Pratt School of Engineering
Durham ,N.C. 27708-0291
U.S.A.

e-mail : ppw at ee.duke.edu
fax : 919-660-5293
voice : 919-660-5259

Please mail six {6} hard copies for reviewing on or before
August 1,2002. The average length of the article should be 25 pages.
Two pages summary can be sent at anytime for planning purpose.
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fuzzy-owner at dbai.tuwien.ac.at
(4)  WWW access and other information on Fuzzy Sets and Logic see
http://www.dbai.tuwien.ac.at/ftp/mlowner/fuzzy-mail.info
(5) WWW archive:
http://www.dbai.tuwien.ac.at/marchives/fuzzy-mail/index.html

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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Mon Apr 22 01:13:48 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2002 21:13:48 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software]
Message-ID: <SUN.21.APR.2002.211348.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




-------- Original Message --------
Subject: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2002 23:13:22 +0000
From: LINGUIST List <linguist at linguistlist.org>
Reply-To: linguist at linguistlist.org
To: LINGUIST at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG

LINGUIST List:  Vol-13-1091. Fri Apr 19 2002. ISSN: 1068-4875.

Subject: 13.1091, Sum: Phonetic Analysis Software


1)
Date:  Thu, 18 Apr 2002 11:44:17 -0700
From:  Jo Rubba <jrubba at calpoly.edu>
Subject:  Praat phonetic analysis software

-------------------------------- Message 1
-------------------------------

Date:  Thu, 18 Apr 2002 11:44:17 -0700
From:  Jo Rubba <jrubba at calpoly.edu>
Subject:  Praat phonetic analysis software


A very long time ago, I posted a query to the list asking for software
that would record sounds and produce spectrograms. Several people wrote
back recommending Praat, a program available from the website

http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/

Paul Boersma and David Weenink are making this program available. I was
not able to find time to even experiment with it until recently, and now
that I have, I'm sorry I didn't do so sooner. It's a fabulous program,
with many options that outstrip my modest needs of the moment (being
able to record sounds and share phonetic analyses with my students). I
thought at first that Praat would be too hard to learn, but its makers
have gone out of their way to make it user-friendly.

I'm sorry to have taken so long to report on my query; I encourage
anyone looking for software like this to investigate Praat's terrific
capabilities. And thanks to Paul and Dave for the fantastic work they've
done!

***************************************************
Johanna Rubba, Associate Professor, Linguistics
English Department, Cal Poly State University
San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
Tel. 805-756-2184 ~ Dept. phone 805-756-2596
Dept. fax: 805-756-6374 ~  E-mail: jrubba at calpoly.edu			
URL: http://www.cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba		
***************************************************

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINGUIST List: Vol-13-1091

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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Thu Apr 25 03:29:28 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2002 23:29:28 -0400
Subject: [language] [Fwd: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures]
Message-ID: <WED.24.APR.2002.232928.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>



For those who do not subscribe to the Linguist List. This issue is
very interesting especially since it deals with quantitative
topics.


-------- Original Message --------
Subject: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2002 01:46:21 +0000
From: LINGUIST List <linguist at linguistlist.org>
Reply-To: linguist at linguistlist.org
To: LINGUIST at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG

LINGUIST List:  Vol-13-1146. Wed Apr 24 2002. ISSN: 1068-4875.

Subject: 13.1146, Sum: Vowel Normalization Procedures

.....

Home Page:  http://linguistlist.org/

The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University, Wayne
State University, and donations from subscribers and publishers.



Editor for this issue: Marie Klopfenstein <marie at linguistlist.org>

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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Sat Apr 27 02:18:42 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2002 22:18:42 -0400
Subject: [language] Neandertals
Message-ID: <FRI.26.APR.2002.221842.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/010710_neanderthal.shtml



      Neanderthal's Gift Of Speech

      Neanderthals were once portrayed by scientists as primitive
cavemen. These
      ancient humans, who inhabited Europe 30,000 years ago, were
believed to
      grunt and were considered incapable of creating specialised tools.

      In the last three decades, the image of the Neanderthal has
undergone a large
      revision with scientists challenging each other's research on this
race's ability
      to speak.

      But now, a group of scientists are no longer asking could they
speak?, but
      rather, how clear was their speech? Science In Action
investigates.

To listen to the programme, please click here
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/ram/neanderthal.ram



      Origin Of Speech

      There are several theories on when people began to communicate
through
      speech. Some scientists believe the ability to speak arose with
the creativity
      and self-awareness needed to create stone technology over two
million years
      ago. In order to convey tool-making technology, a form of spoken
language
      was needed.

      Others believe speech began appearing 40,000 years ago. It is
feasible that
      Homo neanderthalensis, or Neanderthal, discussed the meaning of
cave art and
      other artifacts, such as flutes, through words with their kin.

      If this ancient race had vocal capabilities, it would mean that
speech evolved
      earlier than evidence suggests. The stocky and muscular
Neanderthals, the
      survivors of many Ice Ages, had inhabited Europe for 200,000
years.

      Material Evidence

      While stone technology and cave art constitute material evidence,
brain
      structure and words clearly do not and cannot be analysed in the
same way, so
      how do researchers study ancient speech capabilities?

      The answer lies in recreating the computer models of the human
vocal tract,
      which includes the larynx or Adam's apple, the windpipe and the
area inside
      the mouth, neither of which fossilise.

      Vocal Tract Anatomies

      Franklin Yates, at George Washington University, US, simply
assumes that
      Neanderthals were able to speak and focuses his study on
establishing the
      clarity of their speech.

      Because speech is related to vocal tract anatomy, he has created
several models
      of these, based on different species of apes, on his computer.

      'I estimated what a Neanderthal's vocal tract would look like if
it had a
      human-like vocal tract as well as a chimp-like vocal tract. You
can input
      the basic shapes into a computer programme, which returns the
acoustical
      properties for the vowel ?e?.'



      This vowel is then subjected to tests to establish how clear it
sounds.

      The Vowel Test

      Analysing the sound of vowels is important because they are
present in
      modern human speech. Some studies, such as one headed by linguist
Philip
      Lieberman, in 1992, concluded Neanderthals were unable to
pronounce the
      vowels ? ?a?, ?i?, and ?u?, as well as the consonants ?k? and ?g?.
He
      claimed Neanderthals had a tongue and larynx badly placed for
producing the
      range of sounds necessary for modern language.

      Dr Erik Trinkaus, at Washington University, refuted this by
contending a
      species may not have needed the modern range of vowels to produce
speech.

      In his study, Yates has been testing the ?e? vowel on models of
chimpanzees,
      humans and Neanderthals. The results suggest Neanderthals would
have had
      deeper voices than humans.

      'Our results depend on how we model the ?e? vocal tract for the
Neanderthal,
      because his tract, if it's modelled like a human, is very long,
25% longer than
      our own, on average.'

      'Their voices would have been very deep compared to our own. They
      would have had an entirely different octave range. So if Barry
White had
      sung in a choir of Neanderthals, he would have been the tenor.'



      If the Neanderthal's vocal tract had been similar to that of
chimpanzees, the
      windpipe would have been shorter. Speech would have been slushy
and
      difficult to understand. Modelled as humans, their voices would
have been
      deep, like a bass.

      The Decline of A Species

      Settling the question of the Neanderthal's vocal capability, and
its efficacy, is
      important because it would provide at least one reason for
explaining why
      modern humans, or Homo sapiens, came to dominate earth and the
      Neanderthal population began to decline and eventually became
extinct.

      A communication skill like speech, and the organisational
abilities and
      diversity it would have spawned, could have given modern humans an

      advantage over their speech-deficient rivals - the Neanderthals
who inhabited
      the same area of Europe.

      A completely different theory proposes that when modern humans
dispersed
      into Europe, in some areas they replaced the resident Neanderthals
and in
      others interbred with them.

      In Portugal, the bones of a 24,500-year-old boy show features that
belong to
      both races.


      After theorising on how these ancient ancestors pronounced their
words, an
      important question remains a mystery: What did our ancient
ancestors
      actually say?

--
M. Hubey

hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu
/\/\/\/\//\/\/\/\/\/\/http://www.csam.montclair.edu/~hubey



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From hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu  Tue Apr 30 00:36:06 2002
From: hubeyh at mail.montclair.edu (H.M. Hubey)
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 2002 20:36:06 -0400
Subject: [language] A legacy of swans left to science]
Message-ID: <MON.29.APR.2002.203606.0400.HUBEYH@MAIL.MONTCLAIR.EDU>

<><><><><><><><><><><><>--This is the Language List--<><><><><><><><><><><><><>




A legacy of swans left to science

He is thought of as rightwing but is Karl Popper just misunderstood?
Roger
James on the centenary of a controversial philosopher

Saturday April 27, 2002
The Guardian

Until about 30 years ago scientists mostly believed that their task was
to find
as many examples as they could to confirm their theories. Now they
realise that
they have to look for examples that are apparently inconsistent with
them. Karl
Popper is to blame, and particularly his slogan "No number of sightings
of
white swans can prove the theory that all swans are white. The sighting
of just
one black one may disprove it." Scientists now look for black swans and
if they
cannot find any, they can feel reasonably confident that their theory is
right,
although not yet proved. It is, in the present state of knowledge, the
best
approximation to the truth.

Full text
http://www.guardian.co.uk/saturday_review/story/0,3605,691156,00.html

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