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<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Ron, et
al, <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>In Qazaq
(one of the languages respresented on this list), there is a rarely used word
for “almost”, “derlik.” However, it more common to use an adverbial phrase
consisting of a reduplication of the verb stem with the gnomic future –Vr
(often called “aorist”) and its negation, -MVs e.g., zheter-zhetpes,
tiijer-tiijmes, bolar-bolmas…etc. E.g. Bazardan alynghan pajdasyn kuen koeryge
zheter-zhetpes. = “The profits taken at the Bazar are barely sufficient for
daily living.” Bajdyng ajaqtary uzengige tiijer-tiijmesten koek bajtal shaba
zhoeneldi. = “Just before the rich man’s feet had almost reached the stirrups,
the mare started to gallop.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Bolar-bolmas
has the the unfortunate connotation of insufficient, inadequate, irrealis…<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Another
way to say this is there is “little left”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</span>i.e., “az qaldy.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>If you search
for the Russian equivalent for almost “pochti” in Russian-Qazaq dictionaries,
you won’t find an entry. That is because the language handles it with an
adverbial phrase. Am I correct in calling this an adverbial? At least it is
periphrastic. How should this be added as a dictionary entry?<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Ken<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle19><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=black
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>-----Original
Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> Benjamin J Barrett
[mailto:gogaku@ix.netcom.com]<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Friday, August 06, 2004 7:25
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: [Lexicog] Almost</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=navy
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=blue
face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>In Japanese, there are three
concepts for this. One is adverbial such as almost dry</span></font><font
size=2 color=blue><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS PGothic";color:blue'> </span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"MS PGothic";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>(hotondo),
another for the adjective such as almost $1000 (ni chikai, gurai), and then one
for "almost happened but didn't" (tokoro, sou, etc.) I think you
could make an argument to collapse the adverb and adjective classifications;
you might even catch a native Japanese speaker using the wrong one in</span></font><font
size=2 color=blue><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS PGothic";color:blue'> </span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"MS PGothic";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>a performance
error. These are in the near category (chikai means near). I can't think of any
word that covers both of them at the moment,though.</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> </span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=blue
face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>The almost but didn't seems
clearly different, though there are some cases that might cross such as
"almost full" and "almost done". </span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> </span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=blue
face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>Benjamin Barrett</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=blue
face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'>Baking the World a Better
Place</span></font><font color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=blue
face="MS PGothic"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"MS PGothic";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'><a
href="http://www.hiroki.us">www.hiroki.us</a></span></font><font color=navy><span
style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:1.0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-fareast-language:JA'>-----Original
Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> Ron Moe
[mailto:ron_moe@sil.org] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Thursday, August 05, 2004
5:01 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Almost</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:
JA'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:1.0in'><tt><font size=2 color=black face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:black'>I've been
analyzing the domain 'Almost'. Longman's Language Activator gives</span></font></tt><font
size=2 color=black face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";color:black'><br>
<tt>the primary meaning of the English word 'almost' as 'almost a particular</tt><br>
<tt>number, amount, time, age etc.':</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>'almost $1000' 'almost full' 'almost an hour' 'almost 50 years old'</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>If this is true, then the other meanings would be secondary:</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>someone has almost reached some place: 'almost there'</tt><br>
<tt>something has almost reached some state: 'almost dry'</tt><br>
<tt>something is almost finished: 'almost done'</tt><br>
<tt>someone almost did something: 'almost fell'</tt><br>
<tt>something almost happened: 'almost overflowed'</tt><br>
<tt>something is almost the best/worst (the most extreme example of some</tt><br>
<tt>quality): almost the best</tt><br>
<tt>something is so similar that it is almost the same: almost human</tt><br>
<tt>something is almost some quality: almost perfectly round</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>This is a nice example of semantic chaining, and one can readily recognize</tt><br>
<tt>the semantic links. However does this concept occur in other, especially</tt><br>
<tt>non-Indo-European, languages? Does the concept include the range that the</tt><br>
<tt>English word has? Would speakers recognize a semantic link between the</tt><br>
<tt>translation equivalents of 'almost' in the examples above?</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>English has a nice set of words in this domain:</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>nearly, close to, close on, approaching, nearing, getting on for, not
quite,</tt><br>
<tt>be pushing, just about, practically, virtually, all but, as good as, to all</tt><br>
<tt>intents and purposes, verging on, bordering on, more or less, pretty well,</tt><br>
<tt>pretty much</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>Many of these are secondary meanings of movement verbs or words in the</tt><br>
<tt>domain 'Near'. It would appear that in English we conceptualize 'almost'
via</tt><br>
<tt>the metaphor 'move near' or 'be near'. Is this also true in other
languages?</tt><br>
<tt>In this case is the primary sense the one in 'to almost reach a place'? At</tt><br>
<tt>least it seems that this is conceptually the more salient sense.</tt><br>
<br>
<tt>Ron Moe</tt><br>
<br>
</span></font><font color=black><span style='color:black'><br>
<br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]></span></font><font color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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