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<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>In Japanese, a sequential ranking system does not work well.
Instead, the system can be plotted against two axes, one to show
politeness and one to show honorific styles.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>For verbs, the normal or non-polite style (futsuu-go) is da/iku/suru,
contrasting with polite (teinei-go) as desu/ikimasu/shimasu. Polite also
includes -san/-sama/-dono, o/go (o-cha, go-busata) for nouns, and o- XX
-gozaimasu for adjectives (rarely heard except for a few like o-atsuu
gozaimasu for it's hot). There are also regular verbs such as taberu (eat)
versus non-polite (or perhaps impolite) verbs such as kuu
(eat).</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>The honorific (sonkei-go) axis ranges from the humble
(kenson-go) itadaku (eat) to meshiagaru (eat). The construction o- + verb
stem + suru is a humble used when doing something for the sake of another person
(o-okuri shimasu 'I will send (it for you)').</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>I'm not 100% sure how pronouns are classified. Taking a stab at
it, ore (I, me) is impolite, ondore (you) extremely vulgar, and watakushi
(I, me) extremely polite. I would think the pronoun shousei (I, me, literally
small life) would be a humble whereas watakushi would be polite. Perhaps
pronouns have aspects of each axis. Nanji (you) is reserved for deity and some
other unusual usages (it's used in the translation of the Silmarillion), and
chin (I, me) is reserved only for the emperor (he now uses watashi/watakushi;
chin is now relegated to jocular usage). On a side note, when Napoleon spoke, he
"used" the first person pronoun "yo".</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>In Korean, post-positions have honorific forms (ek'e I think is the
subject particle corresponding to i/ga) as well. In contrast to the dual da/desu
system in Japanese, I have read that Korean has six constrasts from ni for
infants to imnida for very polite situations.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>HTH</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>Benjamin Barrett</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2>Baking the World a Better Place (with the famous dog
Pasco)</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff
size=2><A href="http://www.hiroki.us">www.hiroki.us</A></FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=392523423-06092004></SPAN><SPAN class=392523423-06092004><FONT
face="ＭＳ Ｐゴシック" color=#0000ff size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader lang=ja dir=ltr align=left><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2>-----Original Message-----<BR><B>From:</B> Ron Moe
[mailto:ron_moe@sil.org] <BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, September 06, 2004 2:46
PM<BR><B>To:</B> lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<BR><B>Subject:</B> RE:
[Lexicog] Digest Number 193 (Honorifics)<BR><BR></FONT></DIV><TT>I just
searched my list of semantic domains for one that dealt with<BR>honorifics.
Finding none, I added it. However I find that I know little<BR>about how
languages actually handle levels of respect. Having grown up in<BR>Japan, I
know that it has an elaborate system. However since I was a small<BR>child
when I learned Japanese, I never learned the system. I know that there<BR>are
both lexical and morphological choices one must make. There are<BR>different
sets of pronouns and particles, and the verb morphology is<BR>affected.
English used to distinguish 'thou' (informal) from 'you' (formal).<BR>French
still has such a distinction in the second person singular pronoun.<BR>English
has some words that are used in formal settings (e.g. 'however'
and<BR>'nevertheless' vs 'but'), but this is normally handled under
'register'<BR>rather than 'honorifics'. However I believe that our terms of
direct address<BR>(buddy, sir, ma'am, your honor, your majesty) would qualify
as honorifics. I<BR>also believe our greetings (hey, hi, hello, pleased to
meet you) could<BR>qualify. There are also levels of politeness in requests
(can, may, please)<BR>and apologies (sorry, excuse me, I beg your pardon). Can
anyone give<BR>examples of (1) pronouns, (2) particles, (3) affixes, (4) terms
of direct<BR>address, (5) greetings (6) requests, (7) apologies? Are there
other sets of<BR>words that function as honorifics? Is there any literature on
the subject?<BR><BR>Ron Moe<BR><BR>-----Original Message-----<BR>From: Kenneth
C. Hill [mailto:kennethchill@yahoo.com]<BR><BR>In brief (as I recall without
going back to check the details): We found<BR>four levels of honorifics. Level
1 is how one addresses intimates, small<BR>children, and pets. Level 2 is for
strangers and persons treated formally.<BR>Level 3 is for respected persons,
the dead, and God. Level 4 is for<BR>obsequious respect, as for the archbishop
in an interview with a priest,<BR>and for ritual kin.</TT></BLOCKQUOTE><!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
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