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<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4>Perhaps I can comment a
bit as it relates to Baxoje-Jiwere (Ioway-Otoe~Missouria), a Siouan language of
the Southern plains.</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=Jimrem@aol.com href="mailto:Jimrem@aol.com">Jimrem@aol.com</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, September 04, 2004 12:54
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Lexicog] Digest Number
193</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>My colleague Bruce Pearson and I, working on the
Lenape (Delaware Indian language), have noted that this language, spoken in an
egalitarian society, lacks many honorific terms. <BR></FONT><FONT
face=Verdana>As an example, the common reply In Lenape to "Wanģshi! (Thank
you!)" is "Yuh!" which means something like "O.K.!" There is no exact
term for "You're welcome!"</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4>I have to wonder
if you are not attempting to anticipate a European societal etiquette onto
other very different culture(s). Certainly this adaptation occurrs
during cultural contacts; however, I would not anticipate that the full
expression and expected European replies to be returned from another
culture. For example, for many tribal communities of the Southern
Plains, "Thank You" may be expressed by a simple handshake (a learned
non-Native custom), by a simple "Ho!", an embrace, or by quiet tears.
And there is no "Your welcome" afterwards. If one is extremely grateful,
one says: "Wari'groxi(wi) ke" -- I pray for you (plural).
And again, in another expression -- "We'nawinna(wi) ke" -- you cause me to be
grateful; or again, one would hear: "Nat?un'hinnadan ke" -- You
have pitied me.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4>In the early contact
days, the English "How do you do?" was met by "Dari'hga (je)" literally
-- In what manner is it to you?. However, this did not replace a more
simple acknowledgment of one's presence with a simple "Ho!" or "Raji(wi) ke"
-- You have arrived (plural). Even into modern times with the older
generation, they alluded to an earlier time of wagons and horses, by calling
out to the just arrived visitors with a "Get down!" "Get off!"
time. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>We have also had inquiries about how to say "Welcome!"
in the sense of welcoming someone to your home. The usual word used
is "Tėmike! (Come in!)."</FONT> <FONT face=Verdana> When speakers have
been pressed to say something more like "Welcome!" the usually have to create
a sentence like "Nulelintąm eli paan! (I am glad that you
came!)." </FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>We wonder if other members of this list have
equated the lack of honorific terms in a language they speak or
work with to that language being used in a more egalitarian
society?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4>In terms of honorific
terms, the people rely on their system of kinships and how they implied
respect and regard within the family structure. To truly show the
greatest respect, one calls an elder: Hintuga/ Hinkuńi [(my)
grandfather/ (my) grandmother]. Also, to use Hinjego/ Hintumi [(my)
uncle/ (my) aunt] is to indicate a less formality between two people. It
would be similar to the "Mr. & Mrs/ Ms" in European address. Someone
on a par level would be "Brother/ Sister" and to the younger generation,
"Nephew/ Niece/ Grandson/ Granddaughter".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#008080 size=4>This is not really
separate from the application of these terms to actual relatives, for in this
manner, the stranger or acquaintance is placed within the structure of the
kinship patterns. The term "Hintaro" [(my) friend] is equal to that
of any other relative, but not in the same sence of the English term. In fact
it is of a closer relationship than that of two brothers. When it is
consumated by one's elders at a ceremonial occassion, such as the Iroshka
Society Dance, it is referred to when speaking English as "My Indian Friend",
to denote its special application and previous responcibilities.
This term developed in the beginning of time, as one clan met another clan
people with whom they did not have a previous sanguine relationship.
jgt</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>Jim Rementer</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT lang=0 face=Arial size=3 PTSIZE="11"
FAMILY="SANSSERIF"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT lang=0 face=Arial size=3 PTSIZE="11" FAMILY="SANSSERIF">Lenape
Language Project<BR>The Delaware Tribe<BR>220 NW Virginia
Avenue<BR>Bartlesville OK 74003<BR>918-336-5272, ext. 503
(work)<BR></FONT></DIV><BR>
<br>
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