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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Wayne Leman said:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hello, Patrick. I was referring to the shorter
English verb, "drain". Obviously, I need to fieldtest it, but I *think* English
speakers conceptualize "drain" as when liquid flows from, rather than into. Of
course, if we add the word "into", then we change the conceptualization to be
the same as Cheyenne -estovaotse which would be glossed in English as
'drain.'</FONT></DIV></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>From John Roberts</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Yes, the verb *drain* without a following
preposition/particle means for a liquid (or metaphorical liquid) to flow
out of something. You can demonstrate this with the following
examples:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>They drained the swamp (of/*with
water).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The dishes drained on the dish rack (until they
were dry/*wet).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>He drained his glass (empty/*full).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The steep climb drained her energy (and she
couldn't/*could make it to the top).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The battery was drained so they couldn't/*could
start the car.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>etc.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The Chambers dictionary of synonyms and antonyms
also gives the following synonyms for *drain* (v):</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>1) bleed, discharge, draw off, dry, empty,
evacuate, flow out, leak, milk, ooze, remove, strain, trickle. 2) consume,
deplete, drink up, exhaust, sap, swallow, tap, use up. And it gives the
following antonyms: 1) fill, flood.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>John Roberts</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=wayne_leman@sil.org href="mailto:wayne_leman@sil.org">Wayne Leman</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, October 19, 2004 5:41
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Lexicog] Draining
corpora</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hello, Patrick. I was referring to the shorter
English verb, "drain". Obviously, I need to fieldtest it, but I *think*
English speakers conceptualize "drain" as when liquid flows from, rather than
into. Of course, if we add the word "into", then we change the
conceptualization to be the same as Cheyenne -estovaotse which would be
glossed in English as 'drain.'</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Thanks for your comments,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Wayne</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>-----<BR>Wayne Leman<BR>Cheyenne website: <A
href="http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language">http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=hanks@bbaw.de href="mailto:hanks@bbaw.de">Patrick Hanks</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A title=vkarzi@PATAKIS.GR
href="mailto:vkarzi@PATAKIS.GR">Varvara Karzi</A> ; <A
title=arum@brandeis.edu
href="mailto:arum@brandeis.edu">arum@brandeis.edu</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, October 19, 2004 9:21
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> [Lexicog] Draining
corpora</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hello Wayne, </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>How reliable are our intuitions? There's
nothing odd about English "drain into".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>How reliable is corpus data?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I work with two corpora -- the British
National Corpus (100 million words)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>and Associated Press 1991-92 (150 million
words). </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>There are 1651 occurrences of the verb <FONT
color=#0000ff><STRONG>drain</STRONG></FONT> in BNC, </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>which include:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>47 "drain into".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>11 "drain out". (</FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>Surprisingly, no occurrences of "drain out
of".)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>161 "drain from".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>In AP there are 1318 occurrences of the verb
<FONT color=#0000ff><STRONG>drain</STRONG></FONT>, which
include:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>53 "drain into".</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>43 "drain out (of)".</FONT></DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The meaning seems to be affected by the choice
of preposition -- </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>"</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>tributaries
</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>draining into the Colorado River" --
but "the blood drained </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>from his face". (Where did </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>it drain into - his boots? Wrong question!)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>FrameNet has this verb in the Removing and
<FONT face=Arial size=2>Emptying frames.</FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2><FONT face=Arial size=2> Both </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial
size=2>frames </FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial
size=2>specify frame elements </FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>Source - Path - Goal. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial size=2>It </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>may be more accurate to say that in draining we
</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>conceptualize the </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial size=2>flow </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>from </FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT
face=Arial size=2>source to goal </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>and that either source or goal or both may be
</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial size=2>thematized </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>explicitly.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Patrick</FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --><BR>
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