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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>To the Lexicography listeners.</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>About 10 days ago I tried to send this message from my home
computer with different email address, but this message was not delivered,
since the Yahoo <span class=SpellE>groops</span> accept the messages only from
subscribed email addresses. Now I am trying to resend it, even realizing that
the interest to this word may have passed. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The word <span class=SpellE>hutspah</span> (from the root <span
class=SpellE>het-tsade-peh</span>) is of Aramaic provenance. In Hebrew texts of
the <span class=GramE>Rabbinic</span> period it is frequently <span
class=SpellE>interchenged</span> with the <span class=SpellE>segolate</span>
noun |<span class=SpellE>hotsef</span>| In the written language it occurs for
the first time in <span class=SpellE>Mishnah</span> treatise Sanhedrin 101,105
[about 3rd cent. B<span class=GramE>,C</span>.) <span class=GramE>and</span>
Aramaic <span class=SpellE>Targum</span> to <span class=SpellE>Jeremia</span>
3:3 (about 1st cent. <span class=GramE>C.E.)</span> It is generally translated
by German <span class=SpellE>Frechheit</span> (insolence, impudence,
effrontery, audacity). In the most ancient <span class=SpellE>occurancies</span>
it is said mostly on relation of man to God. In the case of <span class=SpellE>Jeremia</span>
it is about impudence of a street woman. In the ancient period this was pretty
rare word. However when it was adopted in modern Hebrew and especially in
Yiddish, the usage was drastically increased, but all the meanings of <span
class=SpellE>Frechheit</span> prevailed in relation not only to God, but to
also other man or society, The meaning of daring was adopted in time of
borrowing the word as <span class=SpellE>Yiddishism</span> in American English,
but even increased following publication of a famous book of the same title by
Alan <span class=SpellE>Dershowitz</span>, the Harvard professor of Law and an
advocate of civil rights..<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The regular <span class=GramE>modern</span> Hebrew meaning is
'insolence'. (Check G. <span class=SpellE>Dalman</span>, <span class=SpellE>Aramaeisch-Neuhebraeisches</span>
<span class=SpellE>Handwoerterbuch</span>, Frankfurt a. M., 1922; Even <span
class=SpellE>Shoshan</span>, 1960, v.1)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>For German I used an older spelling replacing the Umlaut with e after
the effected vowel.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>NB. By the way, it is of interest to the linguists, how the word
changed the category of gender.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=SpellE><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Hutspa</span></font></span> in Aramaic is spelled with
aleph after letter <span class=SpellE>peh</span>. In Aramaic this is a definite
state of a noun of masculine gender (in Hebrew = ha-<span class=SpellE>hotsef</span>),
but Hebrew speakers hear the stress on the last syllable and imagine regular he
at the end, which is an ending of feminine gender (exactly like -a in the Latin
first declension <span class=SpellE>Nom.Sg</span>., e.g. <span class=SpellE>silva</span>,
<span class=SpellE>puella</span>, patria), so in modern Hebrew they write it
with he at the end and consider the noun of feminine gender.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Hayim Y. Sheynin <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Dr.
Hayim Y. Sheynin</span></font></st1:PersonName><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Adjunct Professor of Jewish Literature<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Gratz</span></font></st1:PlaceName><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">College</st1:PlaceType></span></st1:place><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>7605
Old York Rd.</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Melrose
Park</span></font></st1:City><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'>, <st1:State
w:st="on">PA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">19027</st1:PostalCode></span></st1:place><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Tel.: 215 635-7300 x 161<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>Fax: 215 635-7320<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-no-proof:yes'>email: <st1:PersonName w:st="on">hsheynin@gratz.edu</st1:PersonName><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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