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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear <span class=SpellE>Alkumu<span
class=GramE>:si</span></span>,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>It is very true for <span class=GramE>Arabic,</span>
and in many cases for Hebrew. What is in Arabic <span class=SpellE>kulayb</span>
“little dog” is “<span class=SpellE>klavlav</span>” in
Hebrew.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>But if we speak about Semitic languages,
the suffixes there have more general meaning, the most common long –<span
class=SpellE>i</span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>as</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> suffix for formation of relative adjective –<span
class=SpellE>hindi</span>:, (Indian), <span class=SpellE>andalu:si</span>: –
<span class=SpellE>Andalucian</span>, <span class=SpellE>kurdi</span>: –
Kurdish, <span class=SpellE>Gurdji</span>: – Georgian,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=SpellE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Farandji</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>: – European; <span class=SpellE>Inglezi</span> –
English; <span class=SpellE>rusi</span> – Russian, <span class=SpellE>farsi</span>
– Persian, <span class=SpellE>arabi</span> – Arabic and Arabian, <span
class=SpellE>yahu<span class=GramE>:di</span></span>: – Jewish; <span
class=SpellE>nasrani</span> – Christian (because Jesus was <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nazareth</st1:place></st1:City>)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Another way to form the adjective in
Arabic is to use the participle form, like Muslim (one who belongs to Islamic
religion; lit. one who submitted himself to God)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>One more way is to form an adjective: (A) –
(<span class=GramE>I:</span>) pattern (<span class=SpellE>kabi:r</span> –
big, great), <span class=SpellE>rahi:m</span> (merciful); <span class=SpellE>kari:m</span>
(noble); <span class=SpellE>sagi:r</span> (small, young).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>There is a parallel for <span
class=SpellE>rahi<span class=GramE>:m</span></span> – <span class=SpellE>rahma:n</span>
(it occurs already in the first <span class=SpellE>sura</span> of Koran), so –<span
class=SpellE>a:n</span> is another suffix. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I would say that use suffixes for
formation of pejorative or endearing meanings in unproductive in Semitic
languages. Those are expressed by different means.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Pax vobiscum (ma`a as-sala:mi),<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Hayim<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> mohd hans
[mailto:muhammadmh2002@yahoo.com] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, March 30, 2005
7:57 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: [Lexicog] Pejorative
suffixes</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Dear Lexicolish,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I would like to draw your attention to the facts you all know that
semantic changes and shift are language-universalish. In Arabic
deminutives appear as infixes or in other forms, and they are, like most
languages, productive. </span></font><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:
"Simplified Arabic Fixed"'> From a diminutive usage either an<br>
> endearing or a pejorative term can develop, depending on the context
or that particular use in some situations.Thus, /kalb/ "a dog" is
used as a name of a person "kulayb". In some dialects of Arabic
this name can be looked as a pejorative term whereas in other dialects
it's a term of endearment.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Simplified Arabic Fixed"'>Thank you for your
contributions</span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Simplified Arabic Fixed"'>Muhammad <br>
></span><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><i><span style='font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>"<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">Dr. Hayim Y. Sheynin</st1:PersonName>" <<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">hsheynin@gratz.edu</st1:PersonName>></span></i></b> wrote:<o:p></o:p></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #1010FF 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt;
margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><tt><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>I encountered another recent
-ish adjective New Yorkish, e.g. see</span></font></tt><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">The following title:</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"> New Yorkish : and
Other American Yiddish stories / selected and</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">translated by Max Rosenfeld. <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:place></st1:City> : Sholom
Aleichem Club Press</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">; [<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Southfield</st1:place></st1:City>]
: Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations, c1995. </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">In general suffixes -ish and -ich are more
productive in Jewish American</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Speech, most probably under the influence of
Yiddish which is carring</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">these</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Germanic suffixes, but as far as I know they do
not have a pejorative</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">meaning. Since the Jews use 'goyim' instead
'Gentiles' to distinguish</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">between Jews and non-Jews, the adjective goyish
was coined, but I do not</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">know on what stage it was coined, maybe still in
Yiddish and only</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">afterwards was used in American
English. </font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Best wishes,</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Hayim</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">-----Original Message-----</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">From: Peter Kirk [mailto:peterkirk@qaya.org] </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Sent: Saturday, March 26, 2005 12:34 PM</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">To: <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Subject: Re: [Lexicog] Pejorative suffixes</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">On 26/03/2005 16:10, David Tuggy wrote:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>**Comments from David Tuggy below**</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">> </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">></font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Thank you, David. Just one further comment:</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">> </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>... I find it interesting </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>that the nationality/language sense, though
extensively exemplified, is</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>not productive, in comparison with the -ese or
especially the -an </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>suffixes with those meanings. The only -ish
formation of this type that</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>I know of being coined in my lifetime is
"Yerkish", the language taught</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">>to chimpanzees at Yerkes, which was likely
calqued on "Turkish".**</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">> </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">></font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Well, there is "Biblish", which has been
extensively used on another </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">list which you and I are on. But this is perhaps
not so much Bible+-ish </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">as a compound of Bible and English. But I would
agree that -ish for </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">languages and peoples is no longer productive,
having had its day </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">probably in the 19th century when it was used more
widely than today. </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">"Canaanitish" and "Israelitish"
were both used in the 19th century, but </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">then both are in the King James Bible.</font></tt><br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">But what about Elvish, Dunlendish, Orkish, and (as
languages) Mannish </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">and Dwarfish? These are 20th century coinages, all
in The Lord of the </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Rings (most in Appendix F), although maybe before
your lifetime!</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">-- </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Peter Kirk</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">peter@qaya.org (personal)</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">peterkirk@qaya.org (work)</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New"><a href="http://www.qaya.org/">http://www.qaya.org/</a></font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">-- </font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">No virus found in this outgoing message.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Checked by AVG Anti-Virus.</font></tt><br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Version: 7.0.308 / Virus Database: 266.8.3 -
Release Date: 25/03/2005</font></tt><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<tt><font face="Courier New">Yahoo! Groups Links</font></tt><br>
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</blockquote>
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