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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Fritz (and Rudy, and Bill) -- </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Thanks for your comments, in particur for the
warning about "das Mensch". </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I had no idea.... Our brief
discussion really does </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>remind one
</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>(if reminding </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>were necessary) how difficult </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>it is for non-native speakers to </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>appreciate all </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>the subtle </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>pragmatic
implicatures that native speakers largely </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>share
without </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>conscious consideration. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I checked with younger female colleagues here in
Berlin about </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>"Fräulein". </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>In </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>particular, picking up Fritz's comment, I asked:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> 1. At what age does a
</FONT> <FONT face=Arial size=2>young woman start to be addressed as
"Frau'?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> 2. How is she addressed before that (e.g.
would a young teenager </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>in class</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> be addressed by the
teacher as "Fräulein")?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> 3. Can you think of ANY circumstances
in which 'Fräulein' would be used </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>
nowadays?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Consensus answers (German speakers on the list no
doubt know all this </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>already, but for </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>me
</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>it's a fascinating glimpse of the pragmatics of
lexical </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>politeness </FONT><FONT face=Arial><FONT
size=2><FONT>in another culture): </FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>1. As Fritz suggests, women become "Frau" from
about the age of 16/17, </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>i.e. at the age when they </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>leave </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>Realschule or move up to Oberstufe
(senior </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>classes) in a Gymnasium </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>classes. Many Gymnasium teachers take a few </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>moments </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>at the
beginning of a first Oberstufe semester with a class to agree </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>explicitly on the forms of address that will be
used. Only in very few </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>cases </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>does this involve reversing from an established
"Du" </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>relationship to the more </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>formal "Sie". Thus, in some Oberstufe
classes there is a </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>mixture </FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2>of "Du" (for </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>students who have an established relationship
with this </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>teacher) </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>and "Sie" </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>(students new to this teacher). </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>2. Younger children in school, up to the age of 16
or so, are addressed by </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>their given names (not as "Fräulein") and by
</FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>the familiar form "Du". This is </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>not reciprocal: the teacher </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>says "Du" to the child but the child says "Sie"
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>to the teacher. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>3. My colleagues could only think of joky and
facetious uses of "Fräulein",</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>trading on its obsolete status for humorous effect.
However, one young </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>woman did say that </FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2>her mother used to use it when telling her off. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Your point about "mademoiselle" reminds me of
Italian "professoressa", </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>which sounds derogatory to my English ears
(thinking of English "poetess", </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>"sculptress", etc.), a connotation which apparently
does not exist for </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Italian native speakers. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I'll write separately about DWDS -- and I'll try to
plug the gap in my cultural </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>experience by finding a DVD of Hogan's
Heroes.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Regards, </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Patrick</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=Fritz_Goerling@sil.org href="mailto:Fritz_Goerling@sil.org">Fritz
Goerling</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, August 23, 2005 10:14
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RE: [Lexicog] Gender neutrality
in German</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT
face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN>H<SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3>i there
Patrick, </FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3></FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3>Thanks for your questions and remarks. I
answer below.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3></FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3>Greetings,</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Tahoma><FONT size=2><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3>Fritz</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3></FONT><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff size=3></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff size=3></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff
size=3></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff
size=3></FONT><BR></DIV></FONT></FONT>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>> <FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>the
beautiful gender-neutral word "Mensch",<BR><BR>Ah, Fritz, yes -- but how
curious that the grammatical gender of "Mensch" </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>is masculine - "der Mensch". <SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> Grammatical gender in German cannot
be changed. It is</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> totally irregular, and the fact that
"Mensch" has the masculine</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> article does not mean that every
"Mensch" has to be a "Mann" </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> (man). </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff> So when I say
"Mensch" is gender-neutral in German, </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> I mean </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff>that it can refer to
both genders.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> </SPAN>Don't you feel that, for
the sake of consistency, </DIV>
<DIV>it ought to be neuter - "das Mensch"? <SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> Good joke. Apart from that, "das
Mensch" is a severe insult</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> in German. It dehumanizes the person
and makes him/her</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> to be something undefinable, "neither
fish nor fowl."</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> </SPAN>Maybe we could start a
movement</DIV>
<DIV>in favour of "das Mensch und die (singular) Mädchen"? <SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> Good joke again. "Mädchen" (girl) is
grammatically neuter</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> but that does not make the "Mädchen"
neuter.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> </SPAN>Or are my
intution </DIV>
<DIV>about this based on the fact that, as a native speaker of English,
I am </DIV>
<DIV>insensitive to the truly arbitrary nature of grammatical gender in
those </DIV>
<DIV>languages that have it? <SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> You are right, at least for German I can
say that grammatical</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> gender is very
arbitrary.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> </SPAN>I.e. does the fact that
Mensch is grammatically </DIV>
<DIV>masculine and Mädchen is grammatically neuter bother only English
</DIV>
<DIV>speakers -- or only me -- and not German native speakers?<SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> No it does not bother German
speakers.</FONT> </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005></SPAN><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff>
We know that a "Mädchen" is feminine.</FONT></SPAN><BR><BR>Returning to
Germany in 2003 after a 40-year absence (I spent a few months<BR>in Berlin
when I was a student), I was struck by several language changes, for
</DIV>
<DIV>example:<BR> <BR>"Fräulein" had become politically incorrect
during my 40-year absence. <BR>Now all women are addressed and referred to
as "Frau X", without regard<BR>to age or marital status.
Progress? I think so.<SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> Not quite. Age stills plays a role. I don't
know the exact age when</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> you start to address a
representative</FONT> <FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff>of the feminine
gender by</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005></SPAN><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff>
"Frau" but there is a cut-off age in the teenager years.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> What one calls progress another one might
see in a different light.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> I have met unmarried French women over
sixty who insist on</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> being called "mademoiselle"
(Fräulein).</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT> </SPAN><BR><BR>Considerable
ingenuity is used to maintain gender-neutrality in communications </DIV>
<DIV>like emails, using slashes, parentheses, and word-internal
capitals. So, </DIV>
<DIV>someone wanting to start an email. gender-neutrally with the words
"Dear </DIV>
<DIV>Colleagues" (plural) <FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3>will write "Liebe
Kolleg<STRONG>I</STRONG>nnen" with a capital I in the middle
</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>of the
</FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>word. The singular of this is </FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial
size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>"Liebe(r) Kolleg(in)".
Probably there is a </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>study of
all this somewhere but if there is, </FONT></FONT><FONT
face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman">I don't know it. <SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face=Arial size=2><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> These monstrous solutions you are
mentioning show the difficulty</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> to make German
gender-neutral.</FONT> </SPAN><BR><BR>The problems of using English
"they" as a gender-neutral singular pronoun<BR>(which goes back at least to
the 18th century and the use of which in a <BR>lexicographical context was
pioneered in the Cobuild dictionary in the 1980s)<BR>pale into
insignificance compared with equivalent problems in German. <SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff>
You seem to be well informed. Indeed, they pale into
</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff> insignificance
</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT size=+0><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005>... You can try a google search
for "frauengerechte</SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005> Sprache" and will see how few
hits you get as compared with</SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005> when you search for
"gender-neutral, gender-accurate, gender-</SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005> inclusive language" in
English.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face=Arial color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN><BR>And
oh, by the way, another thing that changed in my 40-year absence --
<BR><BR>There are still strikingly more notices in Germany than in England
telling <BR>you that you are not allowed to do something, but now they tend
to say <BR>"nicht gestattet" (not allowed) rather than "verboten"
(forbidden). I'm not <BR>sure what the pragmatic force of this
is. Can you shed any light on it? </FONT></FONT><FONT face=Arial
color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> </SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> Sure. "Nicht
gestattet" sounds nicer being more in line with a
less</FONT></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> strict and more
relaxed contemporary German society. You will probably
</FONT></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> confirm that
</FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=#000000>fundamental societal change, as you live in
cosmopolitan</FONT></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN class=046072119-23082005><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> Berlin. I know
"verboten" is </FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>one of
the sterotypes about </FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT size=+0><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005>Germans insisting </SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> on
stern discipline. </SPAN></FONT><FONT size=+0><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005>One might hear the word in the mouth
of</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> Colonel
Klink, the protoype of a Nazi soldier </SPAN></FONT><FONT size=+0><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005>in "Hogan's Heroes".</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><SPAN class=046072119-23082005> By the
way, I get a kick out of watching "Hogan's Heroes" (an
older</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><SPAN class=046072119-23082005>
American TV series) and do not feel offended at all. Have you seen
it?</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=+0><SPAN class=046072119-23082005></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005> I am interested in your
"Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005> Sprache".</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=046072119-23082005></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Current Address:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> Dr Patrick
Hanks<BR> Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen
Sprache,<BR> Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der
Wissenschaften,<BR> Jägerstrasse
22-23,<BR> Berlin 10117,<BR>
Germany.<BR> Phone: + 49 30 20370
539<BR> Fax: + 49 30 20370 214</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
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