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<title>Heteronyms in English</title>
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<tt>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In the Semitic languages there are a lot
of such heteronyms and their existence is assured by both the structure of the
language and by the peculiarity of writing system.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>E.g. the words sefer ‘book’, <span
class=GramE>safar</span> (he has counted) sipper (he has told, narrated, retold)
in Hebrew are written identically. The interlocutors or the readers understand
the meaning in the context. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Similarly in Arabic farasa (he has
killed), faras (horse);<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'> </span><span
class=GramE>amr</span> (order, command), immar (simple-minded, stupid) <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'> </span><span
class=GramE>mathala</span> (he has resembled, looked like), mathal (likeness);
mithl (similar),<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><span
class=GramE>mithla</span> (prep. Similar to; like; just as) are written in
Arabic letters absolutely idetically.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In Russian and other Slavic languages there
are many words which differ only by the place of stress. So in the speech they
are easy distinguished, but in writing they are identical,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>e.g</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>. muka (with the stress on the last syllable, ‘flour’),
while with the stress on the first syllable (‘pain, torture, suffering’);<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>zamok</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> (with the stress on the last syllable, ‘lock’), while with
the stress on the first syllable ‘castle’); <span style='mso-tab-count:
1'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>polka</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> (‘shelf, Nominative case, stress on the first syllable)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>polka</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> (‘of the regiment’, Gen. and Acc. Cases, stress on the
last syllable)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>steny</span></font></span><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> (‘walls’ <st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">Nom.
Pl.</st1:address></st1:Street>, stress on the first syllable); steny (of the wall,
Gen. Sg., stress on the last syllable). This type of heteronym is the most frequent
in Russian (another example tela (bodies, corpses, <st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address
w:st="on">Nom. Pl.</st1:address></st1:Street> <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span class=GramE>– the stress on the
last syllable), while tela (of the body, Gen. Sg.)</span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Hayim<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>============</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><u1:PersonName w:st="on"><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font
size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Dr. Hayim Y. Sheynin</span></font></st1:PersonName></u1:PersonName><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Adjunct Professor of
Jewish Literature<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><u1:place w:st="on"><u1:PlaceName w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font size=3 color=navy
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:
yes'>Gratz</u1:PlaceName></span></font></st1:PlaceName><font color=navy><span
style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'> <u1:PlaceType w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">College</u1:PlaceType></st1:PlaceType></u1:place></span></font></st1:place><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><u1:Street w:st="on"><u1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street
w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>7605 Old York Rd.</u1:address></u1:Street></span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><u1:place w:st="on"><u1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on"><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Melrose Park</u1:City></span></font></st1:City><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>, <u1:State w:st="on"><st1:State
w:st="on">PA</u1:State></st1:State> <u1:PostalCode w:st="on"><st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">19027</u1:PostalCode></st1:PostalCode></u1:place></span></font></st1:place><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Tel.: 215 635-7300 x 161<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>Fax: 215 635-7320<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy;mso-no-proof:yes'>email: <u1:PersonName w:st="on"><st1:PersonName
w:st="on">hsheynin@gratz.edu</u1:PersonName></st1:PersonName><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Fritz Goerling<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, April 05, 2006
2:46 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> lexicographylist yahoogroups<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Heteronyms in
English</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>We
discussed homonyms in English on this list a while ago.</span></font><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>English
has quite a number of heteronyms, too.</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Here
are the first two stanzas from a “Hymn to</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Heteronyms:”</span></font><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Please
go through the entrance of this little poem.</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>I
guarantee it will entrance you.</span></font><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The
content will certainly make you content,</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>and
the knowledge gained sure will enhance you.</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>A
boy moped around when his parents refused</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>For
him a new moped to buy.</span></font><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The
incense he burned did incense him to go</span></font><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>On
a tear with a tear in his eye.</span></font><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>To
what extent does this phenomenon exist in other languages?</span></font><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Fritz
Goerling</span></font><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</tt>
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<div style="text-align:center; color:#909090; width:500px;">
<hr style="border-bottom:1px; width:500px; text-align:left;">
</div>
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</body>
</html>