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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>A couple of people have written saying
that they did not receive the attachment containing my essay on ‘Time’.
So I have copied it into the text below. One thing that is missing is a
bibliography. I drew some of the examples from one or both of George Lakoff’s
books. One is co-authored by (somebody) Johnson and I believe is called ‘Metaphors
we live by’. Unfortunately I’m currently on a trip to <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and don’t
have the books with me and can’t find the reference anywhere on my
computer. Other examples I came up with myself. The Greek examples are taken
from the New Testament. I added a couple of examples two days ago, so this
version of the essay is slightly different than the one I sent before. I repeat
here the caveat from the original message:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Please understand that it was written for a Christian audience and
presumes that worldview. I don’t have time right now to rewrite it for a
more general audience. I hope it will be of interest and help. I found the
study to be fascinating.<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Maintitle><b><font size=5 face=Arial><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Time<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=Maintitle><b><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ronald
Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Words
are fun. Idioms are fascinating. God created a universe of physical objects and
events. He also created a universe of intangible ideas. He made a body for Adam
and then breathed into it the breath of life. So we are a union of the physical
and the spiritual. Since we can touch and see the physical universe, we can
understand and talk about it easily. But it is much harder for us to understand
and talk about the spiritual universe. So we tend to express abstract ideas in
physical terms. Using metaphors helps us conceptualize and talk about abstract
ideas. Time is an abstract. What is time? For us, <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>Time is money.</span></i> It isn’t really, but conceiving of it
as money enables us to talk about <i><span style='font-style:italic'>spending
time</span></i> and <i><span style='font-style:italic'>wasting time</span></i>
and <i><span style='font-style:italic'>budgeting our time</span></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Time
is often expressed in terms of location: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>At
one point we were all talking at once. </span></i>Sometimes an expression seems
to view time as an object with us somewhere nearby: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>It’s just around the corner.</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>He was on time. He saw a vision of the distant
future. </span></i>Sometimes we view time as a space: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>It went on throughout the day. All through the night
we kept hearing noises.</span></i> We can move events around in time: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Let’s put it off till tomorrow.</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>You need to space things out.</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Time
can be seen as a path along which we travel: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Throughout
the course of time civilizations have come and gone.</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>The time stretched on ahead of me.</span></i> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>It lasted for a long time. I thought we would never
come to the end of it. </span></i>Points in time are points on the path:<i><span
style='font-style:italic'> We went past the time allotted. </span></i>Sometimes
events follow one another along the path: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Events
followed one another in quick succession. What comes next?</span></i> Time
periods follow each other: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>We’ll do it
the week following next.</span></i> We face the future: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>I’m not sure I can face tomorrow. </span></i>Time
is a one-way street: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Wouldn’t it be
nice if we could travel back in time.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>We
often view time as a moving object: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Time
marches on.</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>It’s just a
transient state.</span></i> Sometimes we are moving with time: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>He arrived ahead of time. You are behind the times.</span></i>
Sometimes it moves toward us: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>The moment
approached.</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>It’s not quite
here yet. We anticipate many changes in the years to come.</span></i> Sometimes
it arrives: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Our big day had finally arrived.
Your moment is here at last.</span></i> And sometimes it moves past us: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>It seemed like no time had passed at all. I was
surprised that a whole hour had gone by. In years gone by…</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Time
can get lost: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>I’ve lost a lot of time.
The time got away from me. I don’t know where the time went. How do you
ever find the time?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Sometimes
time chases us: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Time pursues us
relentlessly.</span></i> And sometimes we chase it: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>I’m tired of chasing the clock.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Time
can move quickly or slowly: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Time flies when
you’re having fun. I wanted so badly for the time to arrive, but it just
seemed to crawl.</span></i> This gives rise to expressions for how fast we do
things and how fast things happen: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>He’s
working at a furious pace. The whole thing came and went so quickly.</span></i>
And of course if time moves, it can also stop: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Time
stopped when we heard her scream. In that moment time stood still.</span></i>
But sometimes it never stops: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>It just went
on forever. It just kept going and going.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>You
might say, “This is all very interesting, but what does it have to do
with Bible translation?” We have always believed that it is important to
study the meanings of words. But it is especially important to study an entire
semantic domain, including all the idiomatic and metaphorical expressions in
the domain. Only in this way do we begin to see how a language and culture
conceptualizes the world. English and Greek share some of the same expressions.
But they often mean something different.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks view time as a container that can be filled. We say: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>How do you plan to fill the time?</span></i> But when
we say: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>My time is full, </span></i>we mean
something entirely different from what Jesus meant when he said: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>My time has not been filled (meaning: the time I have
to wait is not over yet). </span></i>(John 7:8)<i><span style='font-style:italic'>
The time has been filled and the <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">kingdom</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">God</st1:PlaceName> has approached (meaning:
we’ve been waiting a long time for the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">kingdom</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">God</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
and that period is complete) </span></i>(Mark 1:15)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks view time as a moving object: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>My time has not yet arrived, but your time is always ready. </span></i>(John
7:6) In addition the Greek word for time (kairos) has a secondary meaning
‘time of the year, season’. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>It
was not the time of figs (meaning: the season for figs). </span></i>(Mark
11:13)<i><span style='font-style:italic'> When the time of the fruits
approached (meaning: when the season when the fruit was ripe approached). </span></i>(Matt
21: 34)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks view time as a path that we travel down. When we say: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Down through the years people have always…,</span></i>
we mean that something continued to be true during a certain time period. But
the equivalent expression in Greek referred to an approximate time:<i><span
style='font-style:italic'> </span>Down that time (meaning: along about that
time) there was no little trouble about the way. </i>(Acts 19:23)<i><span
style='font-style:italic'> Down this time (meaning: along about this time next
year) I will come. </span></i>(Rom 9:9) The second example also uses the
expression <i><span style='font-style:italic'>this time</span></i>. For us it
means ‘an event someone is about to repeat’: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>This time I won’t be so careless.</span></i>
But in Greek it meant ‘the same time next year’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks view time periods as objects moving in order. In English <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>last time</span></i> means ‘the time before
now’: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Last time we met at my place.</span></i>
And every child knows what is meant by <i><span style='font-style:italic'>the
last time</span></i>: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>For the last time,
will you sit still? </span></i>But in Greek it means ‘the time before the
end of time’: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>You are shielded by
God’s power until the coming of the salvation that is ready to be
revealed in last time (meaning: in the last time period (or) at the end of
time). </span></i>(I Pet 1:5)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks view time as a space. If we do something <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>in time</span></i>, we do it during the time period
in question, meaning before the due date: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>I
got my assignment done in time.</span></i> Greek is similar, but lacks the idea
of before the due date: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>The faithful servant
gives them their food in time (meaning: during the time when food is
distributed). </span></i>(Matt 24:45) The Greek expression <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>in its own time</span></i> has the same meaning: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>We will reap in its own time (meaning: we will reap
during the season for reaping) if we do not give up. </span></i>(Gal 6:9) A
Greek person can also stand in time: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>In the
last days violent times will be stood in (meaning: people will live during
violent times). </span></i>(II Tim 3:1)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Both
we and the Greeks think of time as an object that can be counted. We say: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>How many times do I have to tell you?</span></i> The
phrase <i><span style='font-style:italic'>every time</span></i> means
‘each time/occasion I do something’: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>This happens</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>every time.</span></i>
But in Greek the same phrase means ‘each and every time period’: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Be vigilant in every time (meaning: be vigilant at
all times). </span></i>(Luke 21:36)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=Block><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The
idiom <i><span style='font-style:italic'>have time</span></i> means ‘to
have the time you need to do something’. The activity fills up the time: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Do you have enough time? I’ve got the time.</span></i>
But when a Greek person had time, he had a time period during which he could do
something, that is, an opportunity: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>As we
have time (meaning: as we have opportunity), let us do good to all men. </span></i>(Gal
6:10) Similarly in English we can take the time we need to do something: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Take your time. It takes time.</span></i> But taking
time in Greek is the same as having time: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>When
I take time (meaning: when I have opportunity), I will send for you. </span></i>(Acts
24:25)<i><span style='font-style:italic'> </span></i>We can buy the time we
need: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>His sacrifice bought us the time we
needed.</span></i> But when you buy time in Greek you appropriate an
opportunity: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>In wisdom walk toward those
outside, buying out the time (meaning: Act wisely toward outsiders, using every
opportunity). </span></i>(<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">Col</st1:State></st1:place>
4:5)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Ron Moe<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Saturday, July 29, 2006 1:23
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: [Lexicog] News time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Hi Fritz,<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>I’ve written a couple of things on “time”.
I’m wondering which one you’ve seen. I wrote a short piece on
conceptual metaphors of time in English and Koine Greek and how it impacts the
translation of the Biblical references to time. Is this the article you were
referring to? I’ve attached it. Please understand that it was written for
a Christian audience and presumes that worldview. I don’t have time right
now to rewrite it for a more general audience. I hope it will be of interest
and help. I found the study to be fascinating.<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Ron<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:
bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com
[mailto:lexicograph<wbr>ylist@yahoogroup<wbr>s.com] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Fritz Goerling<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, July 26, 2006 6:05
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: [Lexicog] News time</span></font><o></o><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o> </o><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>I wonder whether
Ron Moe, member of this list, is willing to share with this list<o></o><o></o><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>what he has written on “time.” I think, Ron, what you
have written is profound<o></o></span></font><o></o><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>and eye-opening and of interest for lexicographers, lovers of
words and semanticists.<o></o></span></font><o></o><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><o> </o></span></font><o></o><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>Fritz Goerling<o></o></span></font><o></o><o:p></o:p></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>--- In <a
href="mailto:lexicographylist%40yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com</a>,
"John Roberts"<br>
<dr_john_roberts@<wbr>...> wrote:<br>
><br>
> It is not often that lexicographers feature on the BBC news website but <br>
> there is a posting there today where they do. The OUP have<br>
researched what <br>
> are the most common nouns in the English language. The most common is <br>
> "time". This is partly because of the scores of expressions in
English <br>
> featuring time. But it is mainly because English speakers like to<br>
talk about <br>
> time a lot.<br>
> <br>
> TOP 10 NOUNS<br>
> 1 Time<br>
> 2 Person<br>
> 3 Year<br>
> 4 Way<br>
> 5 Day<br>
> 6 Thing<br>
> 7 Man<br>
> 8 World<br>
> 9 Life<br>
> 10 Hand<br>
> <br>
> But I found the most interesting comment was this:<br>
> <br>
> "The thing that struck me when I put together this list was that 90%<br>
of the <br>
> top 100 words were one syllable, and that a large proportion were<br>
actually <br>
> from Old English, meaning the <br>
<br>
basic words we use all the time in basic <br>
> sentences are from before the Norman Conquest," he said. "We
always<br>
put the <br>
> focus on new words, changing language and words from other<br>
countries, but in <br>
> reality the basic language we use has been the same for hundreds and <br>
> hundreds of years."<br>
> <br>
> This means that at a fundamental level the English language hasn't<br>
changed <br>
> much for over 2000 years.<br>
> <br>
> John Roberts<br>
><br>
<br>
It seems interesting to me that _time_ is also the first noun in The<br>
American Heritage Word Frequency Book (1971) and in The Brown Count<br>
(1967). <br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
David K. Barnhart<br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:Lexik%40highlands.com">Lexik@highlands.<wbr>com</a><o></o><o></o><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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