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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Michael,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I doubt that the writer would have
analysed it linguistically, and realised the redundancy of “em”. I
think it more likely that he knew of the word “embolden”, and just modelled
a new word on that.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Tim<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Michael Nicholas<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> 27 October 2006 07:13<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lexicog] embiggen</span></font><span
lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Dear John, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Very well put. Perhaps the writer realised that the prefix
"em" was redundant but felt it sounded plausible.<br>
<br>
<b><i><span style='font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>John Roberts
<dr_john_roberts@<wbr>sil.org></span></i></b> escribió:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #1010FF 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><!-- Network content -->
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Sebastian Drude asked:<br>
> Are there cases (in English or elswhere) where there is conversion or<br>
> derivation by other means such as _-en_, of an adjective (or noun) X<br>
> into an *intransitive* verb (with the meaning "to become X"?<br>
> In English, in this case, if there is a contrasting pair of derivations<br>
> (_Xen_ -- "to become X" vs. _emXen_ "to make sth. X"),
_em-_ could<br>
> arguably be said to carry the transitivizing meaning component.<br>
<br>
According to my English affix dictionaries -en2 is the suffix that applies <br>
in this case. It has four different uses as described below. It is used to <br>
derive both intransitive and transitive verbs from both adjectives and <br>
nouns. Interestingly the -en suffix has an OE origin, whereas the em- prefix <br>
has a Latinate origin. That probably explains why they overlap in function.<br>
<br>
-en2 is a derivational suffix from OE -n(ian) through ME -nen with four <br>
functions:<br>
<br>
1) derives transitive verbs from an adjective meaning 'to cause to be of a <br>
condition or quality', e.g. sharp ~ sharpen, dead ~ deaden, bold ~ embolden<br>
Indeed this set of derivations are only transitive and the logical <br>
structures would be:<br>
sharpen [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [BECOME sharp' (y)] x sharpened y slowly/for an <br>
hour<br>
deaden [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR dead' (y)] x deadened y *slowly/*for an hour<br>
embolden [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR bold' (y)] x emboldened y *slowly/*for an <br>
hour<br>
<br>
2) derives transitive verbs from nouns, 'to cause to have the quality named' <br>
e.g. long ~ lengthen, strong ~ strengthen, high ~ heighten<br>
Contrary to what the book says these derivations are both transitive and <br>
intransitive, but only the transitive sense is causative, of course:<br>
lengthen [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR long' (y)] x lengthened y *slowly/*for an <br>
hour<br>
INGR long' (y) y lengthened *slowly/*for an hour<br>
strengthen [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR strong' (y)] x strengthened y <br>
*slowly/*for an hour<br>
INGR strong' (y) y strengthened *slowly/*for an hour<br>
heighten [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR high' (y)] x heightened y *slowly/*for an <br>
hour<br>
INGR high' (y) y heightened *slowly/*for an hour<br>
<br>
3) derives intransitive verbs from adjectives meaning 'to become', e.g. <br>
steep ~ steepen, dark ~ darken, bright ~ brighten<br>
Again contrary to what the book says these derivations are intransitive and <br>
transitive, and only the transitive sense is causative:<br>
steepen BECOME steep' (y) y steepened slowly/for an hour<br>
[do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [BECOME steep' (y)] x steepened y slowly/for <br>
an hour<br>
darken BECOME dark' (y) y darkened slowly/for an hour<br>
[do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [BECOME dark' (y)] x darkened y slowly/for an <br>
hour<br>
brighten BECOME bright' (y) y brightened slowly/for an hour<br>
[do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [BECOME bright' (y)] x brightened y slowly/for <br>
an hour<br>
<br>
4) derives intransitive verbs from nouns meaning 'to have', e.g. leaf ~ <br>
leafen, breadth ~ breadthen, heart ~ hearten<br>
I could only find 'hearten' in my dictionaries and they say it is both <br>
intransitive and transitive. (I have 'broaden' but not 'breadthen'.<wbr>)<br>
hearten INGR have' (x, heart)<br>
[do' (x, Ø)] CAUSE [INGR have' (x, heart)]<br>
<br>
But for the following verbs, all of which are only transitive, the 'em-' <br>
prefix has the same function as the '-en' suffix.<br>
<br>
embitter [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR bitter' (y)] x embittered y *slowly/*for an <br>
hour<br>
embrown [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR brown' (y)] x embrowned y *slowly/*for an <br>
hour<br>
embusy [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR busy' (y)] x embusied y *slowly/*for an hour<br>
<br>
So my conclusion is that either the 'em-' or the '-en' is redundant in <br>
'embiggen'. The sense of [do' (x, Ø) CAUSE [INGR big' (y)] can be expressed <br>
by either 'embig' or 'biggen'. 'embiggen' says the same thing twice. So the <br>
'em-' must be being used emphatically here. Can't we ask Homer what he meant <br>
when he coined the term?<br>
<br>
John Roberts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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