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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>David,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I don’t think our linguistic models
are so different. Most models have some sort of lexical component composed of
some sort of list of lexemes. How we define “lexeme” may be a
matter of some debate. But most linguists would agree that a lexeme is a form
with a single “lexical” meaning. A sequence of words such as ‘on
the other hand’ is a form with a single “lexical” meaning. A
sequence of words such as “the cat chased a mouse” would be
considered to have a different sort of meaning (propositional) and wouldn’t
belong in a dictionary, nor would it be stored in the mental lexicon as (presumably)
‘on the other hand’ is.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I believe that prototype theory can help
us in this discussion. Just about any linguistic phenomenon is subject to
prototype effects. A phoneme has a prototypical allophone. The lexeme ‘bird’
has a prototypical mental representation (or at least people can draw a
prototypical bird). There is a prototypical pronunciation of the word ‘very’,
but I can lengthen the vowel to make it veeeery emphatic. The form ‘veeeery’
is still the same lexeme as ‘very’, but it is not prototypical. This
is one way we can explain non-prototypical uses of language such as ‘on
the third hand’ and ‘abso!@#$%&*lutely’. Language isn’t
as cut and dried as the scientist-wanna-be’s among us would like. We have
exceptions and variants and gradations. The laws of physics have no exceptions
(except miracles). But we linguists love pointing out exceptions to other
linguist’s “rules.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Non-prototypical usage sometimes becomes
conventionalized as you pointed out with the examples “pregnant with
meaning” and “talent.” It may be that “on the third
hand” has now become conventionalized (or is at least a cliché or
overused joke). If it is conventionalized, then we would need to add it to the
dictionary. If such an expression is not conventionalized, then it is in the
same category as “a cat chased a mouse”—a one time
construction of lexemes to form some sort of sentence. So I would accept your
statement that there is not a clear dividing line between normal use and
creative use, any more than there is between a prototypical bird and a
non-prototypical bird. But that doesn’t mean that we cannot distinguish
in a general way between conventionalized lexical phrases and one-time compositions.
There will be marginal cases, perhaps such as ‘on the third hand’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>When I said that ‘on the other hand’
has a particular “function,” I was unfortunately being imprecise. It
has the internal structure of a prepostional phrase. But if we take it as a lexical
unit and look at where it occurs in a sentence, we see that it occurs where
conjunctions normally occur, but not where prepositional phrases normally occur.
(We could talk about “filling slots” or “distribution”,
but I’m trying to avoid a theory specific viewpoint.) It also has a
meaning that is normally associated with conjunctions. (It indicates a logical
relation between sentences.) So it “functions” syntactically and
semantically more like a prototypical conjunction than the prototypical
prepositional phrase. So I would call it a conjunction phrase, since (in my
opinion) the fact that it is internally a preposition phrase is immaterial to
the way it behaves syntactically and semantically. (However the fact that it
does have an internal structure enables us to play with that structure as I
point out below.) The word ‘go-between’ is a noun even though its
internal structure looks like a phrasal verb. So we see that internal structure
of complex forms and their syntactic function are unrelated.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Some lexical phrases like ‘of course’
(and compounds like ‘nevertheless’) make no sense at all when you
look at the meaning of the individual words. Other lexical phrases like ‘on
the other hand’ can be interpreted to a degree (although its literal
interpretation is different than the idiomatic meaning). When we compare ‘on
the one hand’ and ‘on the other hand’, we can contrast and
therefore make sense of ‘one’ and ‘other’. We can think
of one opinion being in one hand and a contrasting opinion being in the other
hand. (This sort of thinking is reminiscent of conceptual metaphors.) We also
have the sequence “one, two/other, three, four…” and the pair
“hand, foot.” This enables us to play with the two conventionalized
phrases and come up with the variants you listed (on the third hand, in the
other hand, on the other foot). But I still hold that we are playing when we
use such expressions and that they have a humorous connotation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I don’t think that serious
scholarship should ignore playful uses of language. Instead I think recognition
that language is both rule governed and yet not rule bound is very important to
our understanding of the nature of language. A dictionary that ignored variants
would be inadequate. A theory of lexical phrases that excluded variants
(conventionalized and playful) would also be inadequate. In fact I find it
fascinating that we can play with the internal structure of ‘on the other
hand’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>So when I say that ‘on the other
hand’ is ‘invariant’ or is a ‘fixed phrase’, I
mean that if you vary it you have changed the meaning or are making a joke. If
I vary the form of a compound, I do the same. I may take the word ‘overwhelming’
and say something like, “His mumbled thanks was underwhelming.” But
that doesn’t mean that ‘underwhelming’ should go in the
dictionary or is some kind of variant of ‘overwhelming’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName> [mailto:<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName>] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>David Frank<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Monday, December 04, 2006
2:58 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Re: lexical
phrase</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Ron --</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>You may have a somewhat different model
of linguistics structures in mind than I have. I realize your emphasis is on
lexemes more than on syntax or other linguistic structures. So you call
"on the other hand" a lexeme. I'll have to think about that. You
would have to say that "on the other hand" is a prepositional phrase
at the same time. I suppose that is your definition of "lexical
phrase": a phrase that functions as a lexeme. From my perspective, I would
say that "on the other hand" is a prepositional phrase no less than
it is a lexeme. As a prepositional phrase, it can have variation:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on the other hand</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> in the other hand</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on my other hand</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on the third hand</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on the other foot</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Your is that "on the other
hand" has a specific function and goes together with "on the first
hand," whether that is explicit or implied. The two phrases
constitute a fixed pair, not allowing for a "third," or an "other
other" hand. You cannot vary "on the other hand" because in
doing so you would not have the same lexeme. A lexeme has a certain function,
and you have determined that the function of "on the other hand"
is as the second half of a binary pair, not allowing for any more parts. To
suggest that there could be a third hand would be illogical and facetious and
need not be taken seriously.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Are you making a distinction between the
meaning and the function of a lexeme? "Function word" or
"functor" is the term for a lexeme that can be described as having a
function, not a meaning. Are you saying that "on the other hand" is a
phrasal equivalent of a function word, in that it has a function but not a
meaning?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Are you saying that "on the other
hand" has a function while "A cat chased a mouse" has a meaning?
Are you saying that "on the other hand" is basically a word that
happens to have spaces in it when written? You would then say that using
"third" in place of "other" would be analogous to inserting
an obscenity in the word "absolutely" between "abso-"
and "-lutely." Or would you say that the sentence "The
cat chased a mouse" cannot have any variation either, because a sentence
like "The dog chased a mouse" has a different meaning and so is not
the same sentence?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>I'm just exploring some here. It seems
my perspective on language isn't as strictly lexicographically-<wbr>oriented as
yours. Also, I am not as quick to dismiss experimentation with language as
being out of bounds for serious analysis. As I'm sure you are quite aware,
metaphorical uses of words can become common use (like "<u>pregnant</u>
with meaning"), and eventually become secondary meanings or even
primary meanings (like "talent"). I'm not saying that "on the
third hand" is a metaphorical use, but just that there is not a clear
distinction between normal use of language and creative use.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>-- David</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>----- Original Message ----- <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:#E4E4E4'><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:ron_moe@sil.org" title="ron_moe@sil.org">Ron Moe</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>To:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com"
title="lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Tuesday, November
28, 2006 8:38 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> RE: [Lexicog] Re:
lexical phrase<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>David,<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>.... I’ll accept that ‘on the other hand’ *<b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>appears</span></b>* to have variants. But the three
mentioned all have different functions and therefore are different lexemes.
‘On the one hand’ marks the first of two contrastive statements.
‘On the other hand’ is “used when introducing another opinion
that is as important to consider as the one you have just given” (Longman
Language Activator). It isn’t necessarily used in conjunction with
‘on the one hand’. ‘On the third hand’ is just plain
silly (and I would question its status as an established lexeme).
‘Facetious’ is a nicer label for it. It would be used jokingly to
introduce a third opinion. You could also say, “But back on the first
hand,” to add a confirming statement to the first opinion. So I will
maintain that the phrasal lexeme ‘on the other hand’ has a unitary
lexical meaning and has no variants....<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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