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p.cat3, li.cat3, div.cat3
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p.bld13, li.bld13, div.bld13
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p.left27, li.left27, div.left27
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p.left28, li.left28, div.left28
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p.ct5, li.ct5, div.ct5
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p.cat4, li.cat4, div.cat4
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p.bld14, li.bld14, div.bld14
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p.left29, li.left29, div.left29
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p.left30, li.left30, div.left30
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p.ct6, li.ct6, div.ct6
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat5, li.cat5, div.cat5
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p.bld15, li.bld15, div.bld15
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p.left31, li.left31, div.left31
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p.left32, li.left32, div.left32
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p.ct7, li.ct7, div.ct7
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat6, li.cat6, div.cat6
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.bld16, li.bld16, div.bld16
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left33, li.left33, div.left33
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left34, li.left34, div.left34
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct8, li.ct8, div.ct8
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
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p.cat7, li.cat7, div.cat7
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.bld17, li.bld17, div.bld17
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left35, li.left35, div.left35
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p.left36, li.left36, div.left36
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct9, li.ct9, div.ct9
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat8, li.cat8, div.cat8
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.bld18, li.bld18, div.bld18
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left37, li.left37, div.left37
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ad, li.ad, div.ad
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left38, li.left38, div.left38
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct10, li.ct10, div.ct10
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat9, li.cat9, div.cat9
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.ad1, li.ad1, div.ad1
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.bld19, li.bld19, div.bld19
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left39, li.left39, div.left39
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left40, li.left40, div.left40
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p.ct11, li.ct11, div.ct11
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat10, li.cat10, div.cat10
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ad2, li.ad2, div.ad2
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.bld20, li.bld20, div.bld20
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left41, li.left41, div.left41
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left42, li.left42, div.left42
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct12, li.ct12, div.ct12
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat11, li.cat11, div.cat11
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ad3, li.ad3, div.ad3
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.bld21, li.bld21, div.bld21
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left43, li.left43, div.left43
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left44, li.left44, div.left44
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct13, li.ct13, div.ct13
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat12, li.cat12, div.cat12
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.ad4, li.ad4, div.ad4
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.bld22, li.bld22, div.bld22
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left45, li.left45, div.left45
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.left46, li.left46, div.left46
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.ct14, li.ct14, div.ct14
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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p.cat13, li.cat13, div.cat13
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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p.ad5, li.ad5, div.ad5
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
        mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
        margin-left:0in;
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p.bld23, li.bld23, div.bld23
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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        font-size:12.0pt;
        font-family:"Times New Roman";
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p.left47, li.left47, div.left47
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.left48, li.left48, div.left48
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
        mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.ct15, li.ct15, div.ct15
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
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        font-size:12.0pt;
        font-family:"Times New Roman";
        color:#FF7900;
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p.cat14, li.cat14, div.cat14
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
        font-weight:bold;}
p.ad6, li.ad6, div.ad6
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
        mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
        margin-left:0in;
        font-size:12.0pt;
        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.bld24, li.bld24, div.bld24
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
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p.left49, li.left49, div.left49
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.left50, li.left50, div.left50
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
        mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.ct16, li.ct16, div.ct16
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
        color:#FF7900;
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p.cat15, li.cat15, div.cat15
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
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p.ad7, li.ad7, div.ad7
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
        margin-right:0in;
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        margin-left:0in;
        font-size:12.0pt;
        font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.bld25, li.bld25, div.bld25
        {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
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        font-family:"Times New Roman";
        font-weight:bold;}
p.replbq, li.replbq, div.replbq
        {margin:3.0pt;
        font-size:12.0pt;
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<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Ron --</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>I've used the word "lexeme" loosely 
but I have never tried to pin it down with a precise definition. I understand 
that, generally speaking, "word" and "lexeme" are about the same, except that 
"run," "runs" and "ran" could all be considered the same lexeme. Also, an idiom 
could be considered a lexeme, because its meaning is not the sum of its parts. 
I'm not as clear on how "on the other hand" would be a lexeme. Is that clear to 
everyone except me?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Generally, prepositional phrases 
modify nouns, and the set of prepositional phrases that can modify a noun 
is open-ended. There is a more limited set of prepositional phrases that can 
modify a verb. These generally have a time word or a location word as the object 
of the preposition, as in "in the morning" or "in the garden." And there is an 
even more limited set of prepositional phrases that can serve as sentence 
connectives, including the following:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    on the other 
hand</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    on the 
contrary</FONT></DIV>    by contrast</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    by this 
time</FONT></DIV>    at the same time</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    in 
addition</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    by the 
way</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>    for this 
reason</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Is there a reason why the 
prepositional phrases that link a sentence to the previous one would be 
considered lexemes when other prepositional phrases would not? Is it because 
conjunctions are functors, and so prepositional phrases that serve as sentence 
connectors have a function rather than a meaning?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>How do you determine that "<FONT 
face=Arial color=#000080>A sequence of words such as ‘on the other hand’ is a 
form with a single 'lexical' meaning.</FONT>" I don't think you can use the 
argument that prepositional phrases that link a sentence to the sentence one are 
analogous to -- and sometimes roughly equivalent to -- single words. 
The same thing could be said for adjectival or adverbial prepositional phrases. 
Or would you say that "out the door" in the sentence "We chased the bird out the 
door" is a lexeme because it could be paraphrased as "We chased the bird 
outside"? (You could also reason that "out the door" cannot be changed in any 
way, because if it were to be changed, it would have a different 
meaning.)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Another way of explaining what a 
lexeme is would be to say it is what constitutes a dictionary entry. But my own 
practice is not to list phrases as major entries. I list them as minor entries 
added to the end of a major entry. I don't think that everything I would 
include in a dictionary as a minor entry could be considered a lexeme. I have to 
admit that I have never been in a situation where I had to say whether a phrase 
like "on the other hand" is or is not truly a lexeme. I suppose we could say, to 
use your form of argument, that a phrase like that isn't a 
prototypical lexeme.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>-- David</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr 
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
  <DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
  <DIV 
  style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B> 
  <A title=ron_moe@sil.org href="mailto:ron_moe@sil.org">Ron Moe</A> </DIV>
  <DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A 
  title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com 
  href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A> 
  </DIV>
  <DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, December 04, 2006 8:04 
  PM</DIV>
  <DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RE: [Lexicog] Re: lexical 
  phrase</DIV>
  <DIV><BR></DIV>
  <DIV class=Section1>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">David,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">.... How we define 
  “lexeme” may be a matter of some debate. But most linguists would agree that a 
  lexeme is a form with a single “lexical” meaning. A sequence of words such as 
  ‘on the other hand’ is a form with a single “lexical” meaning. A sequence of 
  words such as “the cat chased a mouse” would be considered to have a different 
  sort of meaning (propositional) and wouldn’t belong in a dictionary, nor would 
  it be stored in the mental lexicon as (presumably) ‘on the other hand’ 
  is.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">....</SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">When I said that ‘on 
  the other hand’ has a particular “function,” I was unfortunately being 
  imprecise. It has the internal structure of a prepostional phrase. But if we 
  take it as a lexical unit and look at where it occurs in a sentence, we see 
  that it occurs where conjunctions normally occur, but not where prepositional 
  phrases normally occur. (We could talk about “filling slots” or 
  “distribution”, but I’m trying to avoid a theory specific viewpoint.) It also 
  has a meaning that is normally associated with conjunctions. (It indicates a 
  logical relation between sentences.) So it “functions” syntactically and 
  semantically more like a prototypical conjunction than the prototypical 
  prepositional phrase. So I would call it a conjunction phrase, since (in my 
  opinion) the fact that it is internally a preposition phrase is immaterial to 
  the way it behaves syntactically and semantically. (However the fact that it 
  does have an internal structure enables us to play with that structure as I 
  point out below.) ... So we see that internal structure of complex forms and 
  their syntactic function are unrelated.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">...</SPAN></FONT><FONT 
  face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">So when I say that 
  ‘on the other hand’ is ‘invariant’ or is a ‘fixed phrase’, I mean that if you 
  vary it you have changed the meaning or are making a joke. If I vary the form 
  of a compound, I do the same....<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
  <P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN 
  style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Ron 
  Moe</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
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