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David Frank wrote:
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<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">Generally, prepositional
phrases modify nouns, and the set of prepositional phrases that can
modify a noun is open-ended. There is a more limited set of
prepositional phrases that can modify a verb. These generally have a
time word or a location word as the object of the preposition, as in
"in the morning" or "in the garden." And there is an even more limited
set of prepositional phrases that can serve as sentence connectives,
including the following:</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> on the other hand</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> on the contrary</font></div>
by contrast</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> by this time</font></div>
at the same time</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> in addition</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> by the way</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"> for this reason</font></div>
<div> </div>
<span style="color: white;"></span></blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72"><font color="#000000"
face="Arial Unicode MS">David,
What do you mean when you say, "</font><font color="#000000"
face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2">Generally, prepositional phrases ... modify nouns</font><font
face="Arial Unicode MS"><font color="#000000">"? The normal function of an adposition with regard to nominals is to indicate the semantic role an adjacent NP plays in the sentence. It doesn't modify the meaning of the NP as such. In English you can have prepositions which modify a noun, e.g.</font></font>
</pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">above</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> items/average/normal/board/ground/weight/height<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">away</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> match/game/team/form/fans/day/message<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">below</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> average/par/ground/weight/height<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">near</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> thing/miss/darkness/fall/tragedy<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">opposite</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> side/end/way/direction/number<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">past</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> times/issues/life/experience/estimates<br>
</span></font></small></p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72"><font><font><font
face="Arial Unicode MS"><font color="#000000">through train/road/ticket/flight/service
But only a limited number of prepositions can do this. You can also have PPs which modify nouns in English, e.g.</font></font></font></font>
</pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">down-in-the-mouth</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> expression<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">in-your-face</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> attitude<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">off-the-cuff</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> remark<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">round-the-clock</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> service<o:p></o:p></span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
class="ItalicText"><span lang="EN-US">up-to-date</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"> timetable</span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
lang="EN-US">up-to the-minute fashion<br>
</span></font></small></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"><span
lang="EN-US"><br>
The examples of </span></font></small><font face="Arial Unicode MS"
size="2">PP sentence connectives you cite above are PPs of the first
type, i.e. PPs with a head preposition and a complement NP. In these
cases the P does not modify the head noun. Rather the P indicates the
semantic role of location for the NP. But the mismatch is that the PP
is not expressing a semantic role of the NP in relation to the
predicate, but instead is expressing the semantic role of location in
some other domain of the discourse.<br>
</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial Unicode MS" size="2"><br>
John Roberts</font><br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">
--
********************
John R Roberts
SIL International Linguistics Consultant
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dr_john_roberts@sil.org">dr_john_roberts@sil.org</a>
********************</pre>
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