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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>David,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I find myself agreeing with almost
everything you say. Rather than rehash where we agree, let me address the one
place where it appears that we disagree—our interpretation of ‘on
the other hand’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>If I say to a woman, “I like your
ring,” and she replies, “The diamond was my grandmother’s,”
I might say something like, “No, I meant the pearl ring on your other
hand.” I would consider the prepositional phrase “on your other
hand” to be non-idiomatic. By this I mean that it is not an idiom or what
I call a lexical phrase. It can be understood literally and the meaning is the
sum of the parts. It refers to a literal hand. ‘On’ is indicating
location. ‘Your’ has a referent in the context. ‘Other’
is being used to contrast a previous use of ‘hand’ which referred
to a hand other than the one I am referring to.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>But when I say, “We have good reason
to feel pleased with our progress. On the other hand we mustn’t get
complacent,” (example from Longman Language Activator, p.165) we cannot
interpret ‘on the other hand’ literally. There is no literal hand.
Nothing is ‘on’ anything. I am referring to another thing, but it
is a thought. Perhaps in some bygone century someone had a reason for
expressing contrast with this particular phrase. But today I have difficulty
understanding how a thought can be on a hand. So the meaning of ‘on the
other hand’ is not the sum of the parts. Therefore it is what I would
call an ‘idiom’ (two or more words whose meaning is not the sum of
their parts and which function together semantically as a unit).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Some linguists only want to put morphemes
in their dictionaries. Others only want to put full words in as head words,
relegating multi-word lexical items to the status of “minor entries.”
But when you think about it, there really is no difference between derivatives,
compounds, and lexical phrases (as to their status as legitimate lexemes). All
are composed of more than one morpheme. Although there are derivatives and
compounds whose meaning is the sum of their parts, the tendency is for the
meaning to be relatively independent of the meaning of the parts. Either they
gain secondary meanings that are not the sum of the parts, or they drift in
meaning. We are all familiar with the secondary meanings of ‘runner’.
The basic meaning ‘a person who runs’ is the sum of the parts. But
the meaning ‘a branch of a vine’ is not. One could argue that ‘runner’
(a person who runs) is not a lexeme. In fact some lexicographers will not
bother defining derivatives whose meaning is transparent. Some dictionaries
merely add transparent derivatives to the end of the entry for the root with no
information about the derivative. I have a dictionary that merely gives a long
list of derivatives that start with un- (unkind, unnecessary) and another list
of self- words (self-control, self-portrait). But this is really a matter of
practical lexicography rather than theoretical lexicology. Here again we
observe that language is a bit messy. There is a continuum from non-idiomatic
speech through semantically transparent complex forms to highly idiomatic
complex forms. So it is a judgment call to decide when a particular form is
frequent enough or conventionalized enough or semantically idiomatic enough to
warrant inclusion in the dictionary. My personal opinion is that ‘on the
other hand’ is frequent, conventionalized, and semantically
non-transparent and should therefore be granted the status of ‘lexeme’
with all the rights and priviledges pertaining thereunto.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>This discussion has been beneficial to me.
It has helped to clarify my thinking on several points, especially the relation
of ‘invariant phrases’ to playful variants.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>p.s. Your list of sentence connectives all
qualify as idiomatic lexical phrases. They are frequent, conventionalized, and
semantically non-transparent.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>p.p.s.
My use of terms such as ‘lexical phrase’ ‘phrasal lexeme’
‘idiom(atic)’ and ‘multi-word lexical item’ is a bit
fuzzy. A while ago I asked this list for bibliographical references to the
literature on lexical phrases. I only got one reply (from Helge Gundersen—thank
you). My guess is that there is such a wide variety of lexical phrases that it
is difficult to categorize them or give precise definitions for specific terms
such as ‘prefab’. But I need to do more research on this topic
since it frequently causes confusion and is of practical importance to us all.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName> [mailto:<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName>] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>David Frank<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, December 05, 2006
1:30 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Re: lexical
phrase</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Ron --</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>I've used the word "lexeme"
loosely but I have never tried to pin it down with a precise definition. I
understand that, generally speaking, "word" and "lexeme"
are about the same, except that "run," "runs" and
"ran" could all be considered the same lexeme. Also, an idiom could
be considered a lexeme, because its meaning is not the sum of its parts. I'm
not as clear on how "on the other hand" would be a lexeme. Is that
clear to everyone except me?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Generally, prepositional phrases modify
nouns, and the set of prepositional phrases that can modify a noun is
open-ended. There is a more limited set of prepositional phrases that can
modify a verb. These generally have a time word or a location word as the
object of the preposition, as in "in the morning" or "in the
garden." And there is an even more limited set of prepositional phrases
that can serve as sentence connectives, including the following:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on the other hand</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> on the contrary<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> by contrast</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> by this time<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> at the same time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> in addition</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> by the way</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'> for this reason</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Is there a reason why the prepositional
phrases that link a sentence to the previous one would be considered lexemes
when other prepositional phrases would not? Is it because conjunctions are
functors, and so prepositional phrases that serve as sentence connectors have a
function rather than a meaning?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>How do you determine that "</span></font><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>A sequence of words such as ‘on the other hand’ is a
form with a single 'lexical' meaning.</span></font><font size=2
face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>"
I don't think you can use the argument that prepositional phrases that link a
sentence to the sentence one are analogous to -- and
sometimes roughly equivalent to -- single words. The same thing could be
said for adjectival or adverbial prepositional phrases. Or would you say that
"out the door" in the sentence "We chased the bird out the
door" is a lexeme because it could be paraphrased as "We chased the
bird outside"? (You could also reason that "out the door" cannot
be changed in any way, because if it were to be changed, it would have a
different meaning.)</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Arial Unicode MS"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>Another way of explaining what a lexeme
is would be to say it is what constitutes a dictionary entry. But my own
practice is not to list phrases as major entries. I list them as minor entries
added to the end of a major entry. I don't think that everything I would
include in a dictionary as a minor entry could be considered a lexeme. I have
to admit that I have never been in a situation where I had to say whether a
phrase like "on the other hand" is or is not truly a lexeme. I
suppose we could say, to use your form of argument, that a phrase like
that isn't a prototypical lexeme.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>-- David</span> <o:p></o:p></font></p>
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