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<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>John R --</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>I realize that when I said that PPs
"modify" nouns, that is a pretty simple-minded definition that goes back to the
definitions we learned in "grammar school" (i.e., primary school) as a child. We
were taught, for example, that adverbs can modify an adjective, a verb, or
another adverb, and that prepositional phrases modify nouns. Of course, a lot of
the defintions we learned then proved to be unsatisfactory on deeper analysis.
One thing we didn't learn back then was that prepositional phrases can "modify"
predicates, or even link one sentence to the previous one. If you are saying the
word "modify" is too simple-minded, then I'm sure that's true. But the more
technical aspects of what a PP does were out of focus of what I was trying to
say.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Maybe what you are saying is that only
what comes before a noun in English can be considered to modify it. You would
then say that, normally, PPs and relative clauses don't modify nouns, but rather
NPs. That is not how I look at it. I suppose that from your perspective, you
would say that relative clauses are not part of a noun phrase, but rather modify
a noun phrase, right?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>The main thing I had wanted to say was
that some PPs "apply" to a noun (or NP), some "apply" to a verb or VP or
predicate, and some that come at the beginning of a sentence "apply" to the
relation of that sentence to the previous one. You can choose whatever verb you
want in place of "apply."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Part of the difference between
your definitions and mine could be explained if your view of syntax is geared
towards binary splits, as in immediate constitutent analysis from the American
structuralist period, and in transformational-generative grammar. My view of
grammar allows for multiple splits in a tree diagram. I consider a PP or a
relative clause following a noun to be part of the NP.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>-- David F</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=dr_john_roberts@sil.org href="mailto:dr_john_roberts@sil.org">John
Roberts</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, December 06, 2006 10:21
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Lexicog] Re: lexical
phrase</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"
size=2></FONT><BR>David Frank wrote: </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE cite=mid01fa01c718ac$16e534b0$5d0a16ac@Waxhaw.Jaars.Org
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<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>Generally, prepositional phrases
modify nouns, and the set of prepositional phrases that can modify a
noun is open-ended. There is a more limited set of prepositional phrases
that can modify a verb. These generally have a time word or a location word
as the object of the preposition, as in "in the morning" or "in the garden."
And there is an even more limited set of prepositional phrases that can
serve as sentence connectives, including the following:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> on the other
hand</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> on the
contrary</FONT></DIV> by contrast</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> by this
time</FONT></DIV> at the same time</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> in
addition</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> by the
way</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2> for this
reason</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2></FONT> </DIV><SPAN
style="COLOR: white"></SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE><PRE class=moz-signature cols="72"><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" color=#000000>David,
What do you mean when you say, "</FONT><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" color=#000000 size=2>Generally, prepositional phrases ... modify nouns</FONT><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><FONT color=#000000>"? The normal function of an adposition with regard to nominals is to indicate the semantic role an adjacent NP plays in the sentence. It doesn't modify the meaning of the NP as such. In English you can have prepositions which modify a noun, e.g.</FONT></FONT>
</PRE>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>above</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
items/average/normal/board/ground/weight/height<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>away</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
match/game/team/form/fans/day/message<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>below</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
average/par/ground/weight/height<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>near</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
thing/miss/darkness/fall/tragedy<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>opposite</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>
side/end/way/direction/number<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>past</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
times/issues/life/experience/estimates<BR></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P><PRE class=moz-signature cols="72"><FONT size=+0><FONT size=+0><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><FONT color=#000000>through train/road/ticket/flight/service
But only a limited number of prepositions can do this. You can also have PPs which modify nouns in English, e.g.</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT>
</PRE>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>down-in-the-mouth</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US> expression<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>in-your-face</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
attitude<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>off-the-cuff</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
remark<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>round-the-clock</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US> service<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
class=ItalicText><SPAN lang=EN-US>up-to-date</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>
timetable</SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN lang=EN-US>up-to
the-minute fashion<BR></SPAN></FONT></SMALL></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SMALL><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><BR>The examples of </SPAN></FONT></SMALL><FONT
face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2>PP sentence connectives you cite above are PPs
of the first type, i.e. PPs with a head preposition and a complement NP. In
these cases the P does not modify the head noun. Rather the P indicates the
semantic role of location for the NP. But the mismatch is that the PP is not
expressing a semantic role of the NP in relation to the predicate, but instead
is expressing the semantic role of location in some other domain of the
discourse.<BR></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Arial Unicode MS" size=2><BR>John
Roberts</FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
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