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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'>Wow, Benjamin, very helpful!<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>As you know something about Japanese
language and culture, I’ll send you something off-list so that you have a
good laugh.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Fritz<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Although I don't know much about the principles of
onomatopoeia, Andrew <br>
Chang's _A Thesaurus of Japanese Mimesis and Onomatopoeia: Usage by <br>
Categories_ is an excellent resource. Not only does he have a <br>
categorized table of contents with the entire book divided into <br>
logically constructed chapters, there is a bilingual index and a host of <br>
cross-references throughout the book. The best feature, though, is the <br>
examples. Because of the huge advantage Japanese has over English in <br>
onomatopoeia, it's difficult for non-native speakers of Japanese to <br>
learn correct onomatopoeic usage, and the examples do an excellent job <br>
of contextualizing the situation indicated.<br>
<br>
As can be seen from the examples below, reduplication is common. Small <br>
tsu generally shortens, eliminates or devoices the final vowel. If <br>
followed by a consonant, small tsu causes gemination.<br>
<br>
Here are the ones on laughter:<br>
<br>
1. ufufu said of an involuntary, subdued laugh/chuckle<br>
2. karakara to laugh heartily (said of a masculine type of laugh)<br>
3. kusukusu to titter, snicker (said of furtive laughter)<br>
4. kukku(+ small tsu) to laugh as if stifling the laughter welling up <br>
in one's throat (mostly for young girls)<br>
5. kuku(+ small tsu) same as kukku(+ small tsu), but a somewhat drawn <br>
out suppressed laugh, while kukku(+ small tsu) is more of a short <br>
stifled giggle. The principle dividing these two probably has to do with <br>
the extra genitive in kukku indicating less drawing out.<br>
6. ketaketa to laugh foolishly (said of noisy and uproarious laughter <br>
especially by men, often out of place and in poor taste)<br>
7. getageta to laugh uncouthly with a lower and flatter tone than <br>
ketaketa (emphasizing the vulgar speech). Voice vs. unvoiced.<br>
8. kerakera to cackle (said of shrill, frivolous laughter)<br>
9. geragera said of unstrained, boisterous laughter; a guffaw. Voice <br>
vs. unvoiced.<br>
10. kerokero to laugh happily as if nothing has happened.<br>
11. kotokoto a soft, happy laugh<br>
12. korokoro said of a young woman's laughter<br>
13. niko(+ small tsu)/nikori to flash a smile<br>
14. nikoniko to smile happily and warmly<br>
15. nitanita to simper, to laugh maliciously (with the nuance of <br>
dubious joy or pleasure)<br>
16. nita(+ small tsu), nitari a brief smile of scheming or thinking <br>
oneself lucky at heart<br>
17. ni(+ small tsu) a smug smile of self-satisfaction<br>
18. nikkori said of a smile stronger than niko(+small tsu)/nikori. <br>
Here, the genitive is probably making this stronger.<br>
19. niya(+small tsu)/niyari a grin of delight (said of a single smile <br>
that unconsciously appears at the moment one thinks all has gone well); <br>
to laugh up one's sleeve<br>
20. niyaniya to grin (showing the teeth); to simper (with a nuance of <br>
being vlugar, repugnant)<br>
21 .ninmari to smile a satisfied smile<br>
22. hahha(+small tsu) to chortle (said of the sound of a merry laugh <br>
and for men only). hohho(+small tsu) for women.<br>
23. pu(+small tsu) a sudden burst of laughter<br>
24. fuffu(+small tsu) to laugh under one's breath<br>
25. hehhe(+small tsu) a haughty or mean-spirited laugh; to laugh servilely<br>
26. herahera a dubious laugh (said of a laugh when one is embarrassed <br>
or when one wants to deceive others)<br>
<br>
I hope these are helpful. I can provide any particular sample sentences <br>
that are needed. BB.<br>
<br>
Fritz Goerling wrote:<br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> I am interested in how different kinds of laughter are expressed in <br>
> different languages and what principles (of word formation, <br>
> onomatopoeia, etc.) are followed in building these words.<br>
><br>
> Some examples from English and German:<br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> English German<br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> to chuckle glucksen (not an exact equivalent)<br>
><br>
> to giggle kichern<br>
><br>
> to cackle gackern<br>
><br>
> to snicker/snigger ?<br>
><br>
> to titter one would have to describe <br>
> it by a paraphrase or show it<br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> What elements enter into play as differentiating factors? Who does <br>
> what, when, under which circumstances?<br>
><br>
> Agent (individual or group; gender), patient (absence or presence), <br>
> differences in rank (social situation)?<br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> <br>
><br>
> Fritz Goerling<br>
><br>
> <br>
><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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