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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'>Dear Hayim,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Thank you for that information.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>I draw my hat to Ben Yehudah.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>To life, le chaim,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Fritz<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dear
Fritz,<br>
<br>
Telling in brief, the majority of contributions were in coining words for
realia that <br>
didn't figure in Biblical and medieval Hebrew. Sometimes a biblical word
received an additional meaning, sometimes those were derivations from existing
Hebrew roots, sometimes they were adaptation of words from cognate Semitic
languages (mostly Aramaic and Arabic), sometimes making new words from loan
words of unrelated languages, e.g. coining words with Greek prefix du- (from
Greek dyo- two), like duqrav, duqran, (concept of doubling), etc., sometimes
from existing roots new roots were formed (example, existing root D-L-Q
(concept of burning), new word - deleq - fuel, new root T-D-L-Q (concept of
fueling) and new verb le-tadleq (to give fuel, like the planes which fuel
another planes in the air) or just to take fuel on regular gas station. By the
way from the word gas (like CO2), the word gazoz was coined, meaning soda
water. The ward geza (trank, stem! , stock) received an additional meaning
'race' and 'pure race', 'bread', and from this new meaning were produced
additional derivations like kelev giz`i - pure-bred-dog, giz`iyyut -
purity of stock, race, giz`an - racist (noun m.) , giz`ani -
racial (adj.), etc. There was no word for carrot. So Ben Yehudah coined
word <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gezer</st1:place></st1:City>
which has regular Hebrew template of Nomen segolatum and the word confirms to
Arabic jizr with the same meaning. From this new word he concocted combination <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gezer</st1:place></st1:City> lavan (literally
white carrot) - 'parsnip'. <br>
Some words coined by Ben Yehudah were coined following mistaken suppositions,
e.g. melafefon ('cucumber') which according to straight etymology<br>
would be well suited for cabbage. Anyway the word received its own life and
nobody but Semitic scholars notice the original mistake. [Most of these
mistakes came because of inadequate knowledge of Arabic or obscurity of
post-Biblical Hebrew.]<br>
The particular areas where Aramaic words were used: the terms of jurisprudence,
real estate, taxation, etc.<br>
This way Ben-Yehudah and several other people, mostly Jews of Russian
provenance who emigrated to <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Palestine</st1:place></st1:City>
in the last quarter of the 19 century and<br>
first quarter of the 20th century, contributed to development
of modern spoken Hebrew.<br>
If you read Hebrew literature written close to 1900, you may encounter a lot of
foreign words (from Greek and Latin, German, French, English, Polish and
Russian languages) which later were rejected by the speakers and replaced with
the words which satisfied Hebrew coinage and derivation patterns. Since about
1926 Hebrew develops according to status of a regular living language.<br>
What is still regulated, however, it is <br>
1) rules of orthography. There were many suggestions to reform Hebrew script.
However all of them were rejected. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Academy</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hebrew Language</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
restricted corrections to indicate scriptio plene rather than scriptio
defective.<br>
2)scholarly terminology. From time to time <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Academy</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hebrew Language</st1:PlaceName> in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:City> publish updated terminological
dictionaries, separate for each discipline. <br>
<br>
In addition, Hebrew translators of world literature greatly contributed to
development of modern Hebrew. Wherever they encountered foreign word which
didn't have a proper Hebrew word, they either paraphrased or invented a new
word. <br>
<br>
This is to answer you while standing on one leg. For longer discussion, there
is a vast scholarly literature about Ben Yehudah and his family, Ben Yehudah
and his contribution and just about revival of Hebrew. Did you hear also about
revival of Hungarian and revival of Provencal?<br>
<br>
Best wishes,<br>
<br>
Hayim Y. Sheynin<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<b><i><span style='font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Fritz Goerling
<Fritz_Goerling@<wbr>sil.org></span></i></b> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #1010FF 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><!-- Network content --><!-- Network content -->
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
<font color=black><span style='color:black'>Hayim,<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>The revival of Hebrew is certainly a
unique case. In which area of neologisms did Ben-Yehudah contribute the most?<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Fritz<o></o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o> </o></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>In the modern period the major contributor of new words was Eliezer
Ben-Yehudah (Perelman, 1858-1922), Hebrew writer and lexicographer, while
some lexemes and many phrases were contributed by Hayim Nahman Bialik
(1873-1934), greatest modern Hebrew poet. However the nature of Hebrew
neologisms differs significantly from the cases of English and Russian. Hebrew<font
color=black><span style='color:black'> </span></font>contributions served
revival of Hebrew from the dead, while both English and Russian were spoken
languages.<br>
<br>
Hayim Y. Sheynin<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<o></o>
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