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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>I do not think that semantic shifts and
reinterpretations can be considered as coinages.</span></font><font face=Arial><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>George Orwell’s newspeak (</span></font>Ministry
of Love = Ministry of Law and Order; Ministry of Peace = Ministry of War)<font
size=4><span style='font-size:14.0pt'> </span></font><font color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;color:black'>does not qualify. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>However, creation of new
vocabulary/terminology is another matter. I have been involved in a majority
African language (Jula from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Côte
d’Ivoire</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Burkina-Faso) where massive
creation of scientific vocabulary is in progress (in domains like medicine, sciences,
linguistics).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>I refer to Kalilou Tera and Siaka Touré.
1983. Propositions pour la Création d’un Vocabulaire Scientifique en Jula
(Institut de Linguistique Appliquée de l’Université d’Abidjan).
Jula is a language that has been reduced to writing not too long ago.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Here are a few examples of neologisms which
were coined for different domains: heterogeneous, claustrophobia, metabolism,
antipodes, dichotomy, hemisphere, etc. No paraphrases were used nor were the
Greek/Latin prefixes transliterated and combined with local words. Original
words were coined using word formation principles which are natural to the
language. Here are a couple of everyday examples which have been around longer:
ironhorse (= bicycle), heavenboat (= aeroplane).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Fritz Goerling<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>I'd like to hear others' parameters for coinage. This
is a word <br>
bandied about rather loosely, and for good reason – it is a general <br>
term and even when defined by lexicographers in popular reference <br>
books, given a cursory treatment. Much like the <br>
words `archaic/obsolete/<wbr>dated,' or `cliché'/'expression<wbr>'/'saying' <br>
have different nuances and technical differences, they're used in <br>
very general senses by the general population. <br>
On the other hand, terms unused in the general public, but used <br>
in specific senses by linguists or academicians are quite well-<br>
parametered. (e.g. `synecdoche' -- Almost never referred to in the <br>
common vernacular, but often used practically, we refer to something <br>
by naming a part that represents the whole (e.g. "I met some <br>
new `faces' today."); or by the whole that represents a part (e.g. <br>
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region> defeated <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Turkey</st1:place></st1:country-region> today in
the soccer finals.") We know exactly <br>
how the rhetorical device functions, and only arguing whether a <br>
particular instance of the device is classified under `synecdoche' or <br>
perhaps overlapping with `metonomy' (referring to something by an <br>
associated part – e.g. "The White House today ushered a
warning." <br>
or "Big Blue today came out with a new computer program.") <br>
The terms "coin"/"coinage" are simple enough in concept:
new <br>
words in a language. Borrowing (loan words) is common. American <br>
English was built on the pillar of borrowing (1/3 of Am.Eng. diction <br>
from Middle French/Latin; and from Native Am. Indians; and from <br>
Mexicans; the list goes on. Normally, the pronunciation will change, <br>
becoming, in the case of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
"Americanized.<wbr>" In British English, <br>
the example of Shakespeare'<wbr>s "alligator," from Spanish "el
ligarto." <br>
But a necessary condition has to be met [with same source <br>
language and target language]. That is a changed grammatical function <br>
(not necessarily form (e.g. noun to adjective -- "It can happen in "a
<br>
New York minute.") Somewhere, sometime, someone used "<st1:State
w:st="on">New York</st1:State>" as a <br>
noun-adjective, and the rest is, as they might say, "<st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:State> <br>
history." But changes in meaning, semantic shift, [same source –
same <br>
target language] is not a coinage. Poets, journalists, writers do it <br>
regularly, for its color and creativity, but they rarely catch on in <br>
general usage; or if they do, they generally aren't credited by <br>
linguists as true "coinages." In the case of localisms/regionali<wbr>sms
<br>
becoming coined, they are being done constantly, and exist <br>
universally, but if they never reach the general population, they are <br>
not "coined" in the general sense of the word. <br>
John Algeo, contributing to Tom McArthur's The Oxford Companion <br>
to the English Language, offers no specific parameters at all, though <br>
gives as an example a word that answers the contributor'<wbr>s query last <br>
week about the root of `google.' <br>
"The creation of words without the use of earlier <br>
words is rare: <br>
for example, googol, the term for the number 1 <br>
followed by <br>
a hundred zeros, or 10 to the 100th, introduced <br>
by the American <br>
mathematician Edward Kasner, whose 9-year-old <br>
nephew coined <br>
it when asked to think up a name for a very big <br>
number." <br>
But there may be more, or more refined, conditions to <br>
defining "coin" or "coinage" – at least in the sense
of words, not <br>
round things with trading value. I'd like to hear them. <br>
<br>
Scott Nelson<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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