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<div class=Section1>
<p class=textjustify><font size=3 color="#333333" face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Philosopher Michael Levin noted: “The failure of
(the terms) ‘comrade’ and ‘citizen’ to induce political
equality suggests that language does not and cannot shape thought in the manner
or to the extent supposed by egalitarian reformers.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=textjustify><font size=3 color="#333333" face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>The sociologist Peter Berger gave the following example
of a failed ideological imposition of a form of address:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=textjustify><font size=3 color="#333333" face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>"In modern Italian the intimate form of address
is <i><span style='font-style:italic'>tu</span></i>, while more distant
individuals are addressed as <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lei</span></i>
(which happens to be the third person plural). Sometime in the 1930s Mussolini
made a speech in which he castigated the use of <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>lei</span></i> as an effete, indeed effeminate mode of language. The
purpose of the Fascist revolution, he said, was to restore vigour and virility
to the Italian people. The good Fascist was direct in language as in action.
The good Fascist, therefore, did not say <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lei</span></i>;
instead, he said <i><span style='font-style:italic'>voi</span></i> (the second
person plural). Now, from a philological or semantic point of view, this was
sheer nonsense. The use of <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lei</span></i>
had never struck anyone as effete or effeminate; it was, quite simply, standard
Italian. But, needless to say, the situation changed dramatically after
Mussolini's speech. From then on, everyone became highly conscious of the
matter ... The use of <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lei</span></i> became
a sign of reactionary, perhaps even subversive, attitudes. The use of <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>voi</span></i>, preferably in a self-righteous and highly
audible manner, was evidence that the speaker (or writer) was a Fascist in good
standing. Indeed, it became the verbal equivalent of the Fascist salute. Put
simply what before Mussolini's pronouncement had been an apolitical and
unreflective element of the common language now forced itself on everyone's
consciousness as a highly political symbol."<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=textjustify><font size=3 color="#333333" face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>This ideologically enforced change lasted only until the
collapse of Italian fascism, after which Italians returned to the old standard.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>Fritz Goerling<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black'>Hayim Sheynin wrote: <o></o> </o><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black'>“</span></font>Every political change reflects in a change
of a formal address. The most famous change in 1917 from gospodin/gospozha/<wbr>baryshnia
(Mr./Mrs/Ms) to tovarisch/comrade. <font color=black><span style='color:black'>“
<o></o><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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