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bolstar1 wrote:
<blockquote cite="midf691f7+ohic@eGroups.com" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">-John: I used "lexeme" in its broader, and I think more elegant and
proper, sense – much as Oxford Companion to the English Language
does. For example, Oxford extends the concept to include "kick the
bucket" as a lexeme (phrasal lexeme) for "death." David Crystal does
the same in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language,
wherein he includes "It was raining cats and dogs." as a lexeme. I
find this appealing, as it speaks to meaning (function) as opposed to
category (form). I side with function more than form in analyzing set
phrasal units and rhetorical devices. (NOTE: big difference between
set phrases -- and compositional, or created, phrases.) There are
just too many examples where the two don't mesh, and function is self-
evidently more important to a reader than the form they take (e.g.
many of the prepositional phrases – though adverbial or adjectival in
function, are relational (prepositional) in appearance – or vice
versa -- 1) at a loss to explain = prepositional form for the
adverbial lexeme "speechless"; in a quandary = prep. form for adv.
lexeme "perplexed"; win fair and square. = compound adjective lexeme
for the adverbial "fairly." Form-function dissonance abounds in the
English language…and I assume it to be true in other languages as
well. Caveat: there is a place to identify form, rather than, or in
addition to function. But for the sake of this discussion, it is the
reason I took "apparent" liberty in its use. Additionally, this is
one reason, among many, that computer-generated corpora cannot
replace good, old-fashioned trench-work in "parsing," and I use that
term broadly, too, spoken and written English.
So for the operant boundaries (underlying lexeme) of the
terms "chiasmus" and "antistrophe" I should have said, "inverse order
of roots or root-variants" (note: not form/category per se and not
function per se). John, as to your examples, I noticed that they
basically fall under the category "created phrases" or "compositional
phrases" or if they caught on in the vernacular "coined phrases" --
rather than set phrases. Here, dictionary precedent refers to
classically-oriented rhetorical literature or poetry, not strings of
possible uses. Yet, by definition, and by intuition, if one asked
what rhetorical device that speaker/writer was using, it still would
have to be "chiasmus" or "antistrophe." What else could they be
called? Which was my original question.
Scott N.
------ Note Oxford Companion's abbreviated entry below
regarding "lexeme." -------
Tom McArthur's Oxford Companion to the English Language (editor),
with Robert F. Ilson (University College of London (contributor) --
editor of International Journal of Lexicoraphy – at the time of
publication ) – editing the entry for `lexeme'.
"A unit in the lexicon…governed by sound and writing or print,
its content by meaning and use. Thus, penicillin is the realization
in print of a single English lexeme, while the nouns crane and
bank represent at least two lexemes each: crane (a particular bird
and a particular machine), bank (the shore of a river and a
particular kind of financial institution. Conventionally, a lexeme's
inflections (such as cranes, banks) are considered variant forms,
whereas such derivatives as banker are considered separate lexemes…
[later, exemplifying lexemes] (groups of words)…the idiom "kick the
bucket"."
OED:
A word-like grammatical form intermediate between morpheme and
utterance, often identical with a word occurrence; a word in the most
abstract sense, as a meaningful form without an assigned grammatical
role; an item of vocabulary.
Encarta:
A fundamental unit of the vocabulary of a language : makes, making,
maker, made
Merriam-webster"
The fundamental unit of the lexicon of a language. (e.g. find: finds,
found, finding)
</pre>
</blockquote>
Scott,<br>
<br>
I am enjoying this dicussion with you about "antistrophe" and
"chiasmus" and I have found your responses interesting. One point of
debate is that I think there are still differences of opinion between
us as to what a lexeme is. <br>
<br>
Lyons (1968: 197-198) introduced the term "lexeme" to give theoretical
substance to the traditional (and classical) notion that items like
"sing (v)", "singer (n)", and "song (n)" are different words. The
lexemes for these different items would be SING, SINGER, SONG,
respectively. The main reason for saying these items are different
lexemes is because they have different semantic and grammatical
functions. SING names an event while SINGER and SONG name entities -
different entities. Grammatically, each has its own distribution in the
syntactic structure of English and each has its own paradigm of
inflectional forms. E.g. SING functions as a verb and has the paradigm
of word-forms: <i>sing</i>, <i>sings</i>, <i>sang</i>, <i>sung</i>,
<i>singing</i>; SINGER functions as a noun and has the paradigm of
word-forms: <i>singer</i>, <i>singer</i>s; and SONG functions as a
noun and has the paradigm of word-forms: <i>song</i>, <i>songs</i>.<br>
<br>
Linguistics dictionaries define "lexeme" in these terms, i.e. as Lyons
originally intended. E.g. Crystal (1992) 'A Dictionary of Linguistics
and Phonetics' says: "Its original motivation was to reduce the
ambiguity of the term 'word', which applied to orthographic/
phonological, grammatical and lexical levels, and to devise a more
appropriate term for use in the context of discussing a language's
vocabulary. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit
underlying such sets of grammatical variants as <i>walk</i>, <i>walking</i>,
<i>walked</i>, or <i>big</i>, <i>bigger</i>, <i>biggest</i>.
Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are considered lexemes (e.g. <i>kick
the bucket </i>(= DIE)). Lexemes are the units which are
conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries."<br>
<br>
Trask (1996) refers the enquirer after the meaning of "lexeme" to
"lexical item" where he says: "A word regarded as a comparatively
abstract object which has a more-or-less consistent meaning or function
but which can possibly vary in form for grammatical purposes. For
example, the items <i>dog</i> and <i>dogs</i> are both particular
forms of the lexical item DOG, and <i>take</i>, <i>takes</i>, <i>took</i>,
<i>taking</i> and <i>taken</i>, are particular forms of the lexical
item TAKE. A lexical item is a word in the sense in which a dictionary
contains words, or in which the vocabulary of English contains so many
words; in most (not all) theories of grammar, a single lexical item
receives a single lexical entry."<br>
<br>
Yet despite what Crystal and Trask say about how lexemes are
traditionally entered into a dictionary this is not how traditional
English dictionaries have been made. For e.g. in my Chambers English
Dictionary (1989) it has an entry for 'sing', where it gives a
dictionary definition of the meaning of 'sing'. But also listed under
this entry are many other words and phrases derived from the lexeme
SING, such as 'singer', 'singable', 'singablesness', 'singing-bird',
'singing flame', 'singing sand', 'sing-song', 'sing along', 'sing
another song'. The reason all of these different lexemes are listed
under the lexeme SING in Chambers is because they follow a root or
stem-based organisation of dictionary entries. Under this approach any
word that has the root-form 'sing' as part of its morphological makeup
will be listed under the lexeme SING. The derived form 'song', for
example, has its own entry because it does not contain the root 'sing'.
This reason for this is that producers of printed dictionaries are keen
to save on paper and this is deemed as a reasonable way of reducing the
number of entries in a printed dictionary while still enabling the user
to find a particular item. However, it only works where the first root
is the base. It doesn't work so well where the final root in the
derived form is the base. But the problem is that when dictionary
makers do this their users get confused as to what a word is.<br>
<br>
However, you said you undersand 'antistrophe'/'chiasmus' to be:
"inverse order of roots or root-variants" (note: not form/category per
se and not function per se). So under this definition any of the words
'singer', 'singable', 'singablesness', 'singing-bird',
'singing flame', 'singing sand', 'sing-song', 'sing along', would be an
acceptable antistrophe to 'sing'?<br>
<br>
Now, I am not sure if you said that the examples I gave only "count" as
legitimate instances of antistrophe/chiasmus if they were to be found
in some work of literature or not. But that would be like saying
*blick* does not count as an English word because no-one has used that
combination of phonemes yet as an English word. But in principle it
could be an English word, as it follows the morphophonological rules
for constructing English words, which a word like *blsk*, for example,
doesn't. By devising the examples below I am trying to find out what
are the "rules" for constructing 'antistrophe'/'chiasmus' in English.
So let's say I am composing some great work of literature (maybe
writing my memoirs) and I wanted to use any or all of the examples
below - which would be acceptable/unacceptable?<br>
<br>
>From your original example "Better a witty fool than a foolish wit." it
seems that a derived word is allowed as an 'antistrophe'. But would
"hunting" be allowed as antistrophe to the strophe of "hunter", for
example, since "hunting" is not derived from "hunter"? Could "flies" be
antistrophe to the strophe "flying", since they are clearly not the
same lexeme? And then what about the idioms at the end? "cook the
books" is an idiomatic phrase meaning 'to embezzle" but this
strophe-antistrophe sounds fine to me. I am sure I have heard or read
something like this elsewhere. With "change her mind" it is "mind" that
is idiomatic as the reference is to "her purpose/intention/decision"
and not literally "her mind".<br>
<br>
an intriguing mystery and a mysterious intrigue<br>
plate glass and a glass plate<br>
a wedding ceremony and a ceremonial wedding<br>
a dogged hunter and a hunting dog<br>
a jealous rage and a raging jealousy<br>
flying colours and coloured flies<br>
barbarous cruelty and a cruel barbarian<br>
a raving beauty and a beautiful rave<br>
a crooked arm and an armed crook<br>
boyhood and a hooded boy<br>
forfeit a claim and claim a forfeit<br>
to demand satisfaction and to satisfy a demand<br>
<br>
cook the books and book the cooks<br>
[EMBEZZLE]<br>
change her mind and mind her change<br>
[PURPOSE/INTENTION/DECISION]<br>
ring the changes and change the rings<br>
cry baby and baby cry<br>
keep in the dark and dark in the keep<br>
dead of the night and night of the dead<br>
nearest and dearest and dearest and nearest<br>
<br>
However, to me examples like:<br>
<br>
"cook the books and book the cooks"<br>
and<br>
"change her mind and mind her change"<br>
<br>
are more acceptable instances of strophe-antistrophe because the words
stay the same but change their meaning and therefore add the element of
punning. It is the same with your example: "Better a witty fool than a
foolish wit." It adds punning (play on word form with word meaning).<br>
<br>
<big><font size="-1"><big>Chiasmus seems to be defined as an inversion
of grammatical struture, e.g.:<br>
A crossing parallelism, where the second part of a
grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part,
only in reverse order.</big></font></big><br>
<big><font size="-1"><big>A rhetorical inversion of the second of two
parallel structures, as in “Each throat/Was parched, and glazed each
eye” N+Adj and Adj+N<br>
<br>
</big></font><font size="-1"><big>Antistrophe seems to be defined more
simply as:<br>
The repetition of words in reverse order, ie, "the father son and the
son father."<br>
<br>
I assume this means 'the same words in reverse order'. Thus the
question with antistrophe is "what constitutes a word"? From a
linguistic point of view, for two different word-forms to be considered
to be the same word they have to belong to the same lexeme. "witty" and
"wit" do not belong to the same lexeme. The paradigm for WITTY is <i>witty</i>,
<i>wittier</i>, <i>wittiest</i> and the paradigm for WIT is <i>wit</i>,
<i>wits</i>. The paradigm for FOOL is <i>fool</i>, <i>fools</i> and
the paradigm for FOOLISH is <i>foolish</i>, <i>more foolish</i> and <i>most
foolish</i>. So </big></font></big>"Better a witty fool than a foolish
wit." is not an instance of strophe-antistrophe since it does not
present the same words in reverse order. Likewise it is not an example
of chiasmus because it does not present a reversal of grammatical
structure, since it is Adj+N and Adj+N.<br>
<br>
<br>
John R<br>
<br>
<br>
-- <br>
********************<br>
John R Roberts<br>
SIL International Linguistics Consultant<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dr_john_roberts@sil.org">dr_john_roberts@sil.org</a><br>
********************
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