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Dear Fritz:<br><br><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">After reding your message it came to my mind that Germam 'morgen' also does not have </span></font><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">the same sense of urgency like in Arabic.<br>Judge youself, contemplating on proverbial words:<br><br>Morgen morgen, nur noch heute.<br><br>Hayim Y. Sheynin<br></span></font><br><b><i>Fritz Goerling <Fritz_Goerling@sil.org></i></b> wrote:<blockquote class="replbq" style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255); margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 5px;"> <!-- Network content --> <div
id="ygrp-text"> <div> </div><div class="Section1"> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black;">A while ago we had a discussion on the most common nouns in the English language.</span></font><font size="4"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">“Time” was on top. I think that is revealing. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson considered in “Metaphors we live by” (2003)<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">the metaphorical concept TIME IS MONEY as is reflected in contemporary English, analyzing the following examples:<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">You are WASTING my time.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">The gadget will SAVE you hours.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">I don’t HAVE the time to GIVE you.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">How do you SPEND your time these days?<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color:
black;">That flat tire COST me an hour.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">I’ve INVESTED a lot of time in her.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">I don’t HAVE ENOUGH time to SPARE for that.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">You’re RUNNING OUT of time.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">To lose, use, put aside, budget time
are other expressions.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">All of them show TIME AS MONEY, TIME AS A LIMITED RESOURCE, and TIME AS A VALUABLE COMMODITY.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">The authors are right by saying that these conceptualizations are tied to certain Western cultures, and that there are cultures where time is none of these things or is defined differently.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div
class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">You might know the joke about the Mexican and the Arab. The Mexican says to the Arab, “I hear you have a word for tomorrow that’s similar to our word <i><span style="font-style: italic;">mañana</span></i>.”<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">“Yes,” replies the Arab. “<i><span style="font-style: italic;">Bukara</span></i>. But it doesn’t have the same sense of urgency.”<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Well, what about strongly time-oriented
nationalities like Americans, northern Europeans (Germans, Swedes)? All who have travelled know about cultural clashes in the area of different concepts of punctuality and time.<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">What then are the implications for dictionary-making, say in a bilingual dictionary ‘English-language X//language X-English’?<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">How are different concepts of time handled vice versa? In an ‘English-German/<wbr>/German-English’ dictionary it might be relatively easy to find equivalent or similar expressions. But how about a
bililingual dictionary ‘English-language X which was just reduced to writing’ and vice versa? <o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Fritz Goerling<o></o></span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal"><font color="black" face="Arial" size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;"><o> </o></span></font></div> </div> <!--End group email --><div></div> </div> <!--End group email --> </blockquote><br><p>
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