<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3c.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<!-- Network content -->
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff>Because conceptual metaphors underlie many idioms and secondary
("metaphorical") senses, I believe we need to identify the conceptual metaphors
that exist in a language and refer to them in our dictionary entries. It might
be possible, for instance, to include an appendix that lists the conceptual
metaphors and gives a list of examples under each:</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff>Appendix A: Conceptual Metaphors</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>1.
Time is a resource that you use.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>waste
time</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>save
time</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>have
time</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>cost
(number) (time word), e.g. cost two hours</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff>invested time in</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>time
to spare</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>(run)
out of time</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>Then
each relevant dictionary entry could reference the appendix:</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>waste
v. To use something without gaining any benefit from it. 'Leaving the lights on
all night wastes electricity.' (Using the metaphor 'Time is a resource that you
use', see Appendix A) 'I don't want to waste your time, so let's get
right down to business.'</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>Note that I don't
consider the second example sentence to be a separate sense. The meaning is the
same. It is just applied to time as if time was a resource. We can talk this way
in English because of the conceptual metaphor. Other languages can't. Our
conceptual metaphor enables us to include the abstract concept 'time' in the
list of possible objects of 'waste' which would otherwise be limited to concrete
resources. Consequently I don't consider 'waste time' to be an idiom, but others
might disagree with me on this point.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT
color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=531024118-30072007><FONT color=#0000ff>Ron
Moe</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr align=left><BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader lang=en-us dir=ltr align=left>
<HR tabIndex=-1>
<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com
[mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Fritz
Goerling<BR><B>Sent:</B> Sunday, July 29, 2007 7:11 AM<BR><B>To:</B>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<BR><B>Subject:</B> [Lexicog] Time is
money?<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=ygrp-text>
<P>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=4><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black">A while ago we had a discussion on the
most common nouns in the English language.</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=4><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“Time” was on top. I
think that is revealing. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson considered in
“Metaphors we live by” (2003)<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">the metaphorical
concept TIME IS MONEY as is reflected in contemporary English, analyzing the
following examples:<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">You are WASTING my
time.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The gadget will SAVE
you hours.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I don’t HAVE the
time to GIVE you.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">How do you SPEND
your time these days?<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">That flat tire COST
me an hour.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I’ve INVESTED a lot
of time in her.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I don’t HAVE
ENOUGH time to SPARE for that.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">You’re RUNNING OUT
of time.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">To lose, use, put
aside, budget time are other expressions.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">All of them show
TIME AS MONEY, TIME AS A LIMITED RESOURCE, and TIME AS A VALUABLE
COMMODITY.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The authors are
right by saying that these conceptualizations are tied to certain Western
cultures, and that there are cultures where time is none of these things or is
defined differently.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">You might know the
joke about the Mexican and the Arab. The Mexican says to the Arab, “I hear you
have a word for tomorrow that’s similar to our word <I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">maņana</SPAN></I>.”<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">“Yes,” replies the
Arab. “<I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Bukara</SPAN></I>. But it doesn’t
have the same sense of urgency.”<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Well, what about
strongly time-oriented nationalities like Americans, northern Europeans
(Germans, Swedes)? All who have travelled know about cultural clashes in the
area of different concepts of punctuality and time.<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">What then are the
implications for dictionary-making, say in a bilingual dictionary
‘English-language X//language X-English’?<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">How are different
concepts of time handled vice versa? In an
‘English-German/<WBR>/German-English’ dictionary it might be relatively easy
to find equivalent or similar expressions. But how about a bililingual
dictionary ‘English-language X which was just reduced to writing’ and vice
versa? <O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Fritz
Goerling<O></O></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O></O></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV><!--End group email -->
<P></P></DIV><!--End group email --><BR>
<P><FONT size=2>No virus found in this incoming message.<BR>Checked by AVG
Free Edition.<BR>Version: 7.5.476 / Virus Database: 269.10.25/926 - Release
Date: 7/29/2007 11:14 PM<BR></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<span width="1" style="color: white;"/>__._,_.___</span>
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97476590/grpId=11682781/grpspId=1709195911/msgId=4181/stime=1186402009" width="1" height="1"> <br>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<br><br>
<div style="width:500px; text-align:right; margin-bottom:1px; color:#909090;">
<tt>SPONSORED LINKS</tt>
</div>
<table bgcolor=#e0ecee cellspacing="13" cellpadding="0" width=500px>
<tr valign=top>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads;_ylc=X3oDMTJkdTFlMGVmBF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBF9wAzEEZ3JwSWQDMTE2ODI3ODEEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA5MTk1OTExBHNlYwNzbG1vZARzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5?t=ms&k=Science+lab+equipment&w1=Science+lab+equipment&w2=Life+science+research&w3=Life+sciences&w4=Life+science+product&w5=Life+science+company&c=5&s=125&g=0&.sig=nhMObThtY0u3dC_zdOTU4g">Science lab equipment</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads;_ylc=X3oDMTJkc2wxNTZrBF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBF9wAzIEZ3JwSWQDMTE2ODI3ODEEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA5MTk1OTExBHNlYwNzbG1vZARzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5?t=ms&k=Life+science+research&w1=Science+lab+equipment&w2=Life+science+research&w3=Life+sciences&w4=Life+science+product&w5=Life+science+company&c=5&s=125&g=0&.sig=Iijeys-hhXush45nkHI1fw">Life science research</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads;_ylc=X3oDMTJkMWc4bnNhBF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBF9wAzMEZ3JwSWQDMTE2ODI3ODEEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA5MTk1OTExBHNlYwNzbG1vZARzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5?t=ms&k=Life+sciences&w1=Science+lab+equipment&w2=Life+science+research&w3=Life+sciences&w4=Life+science+product&w5=Life+science+company&c=5&s=125&g=0&.sig=BzQVPANazGzLMf63F0AEwA">Life sciences</a></tt>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads;_ylc=X3oDMTJkcHZuNHR2BF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBF9wAzQEZ3JwSWQDMTE2ODI3ODEEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA5MTk1OTExBHNlYwNzbG1vZARzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5?t=ms&k=Life+science+product&w1=Science+lab+equipment&w2=Life+science+research&w3=Life+sciences&w4=Life+science+product&w5=Life+science+company&c=5&s=125&g=0&.sig=Zt0u9C_2RYCHGrro11mmsA">Life science product</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads;_ylc=X3oDMTJkcXE0aTU4BF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBF9wAzUEZ3JwSWQDMTE2ODI3ODEEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA5MTk1OTExBHNlYwNzbG1vZARzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5?t=ms&k=Life+science+company&w1=Science+lab+equipment&w2=Life+science+research&w3=Life+sciences&w4=Life+science+product&w5=Life+science+company&c=5&s=125&g=0&.sig=4SCAy6h9Eoo0zrSnqnWSeg">Life science company</a></tt>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<br>
<div style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 77%; border-top: 1px solid #666; padding: 5px 0;" >
Your email settings: Individual Email|Traditional <br>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lexicographylist/join;_ylc=X3oDMTJnazVjZThmBF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBGdycElkAzExNjgyNzgxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwOTE5NTkxMQRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNzdG5ncwRzdGltZQMxMTg2NDAyMDA5">Change settings via the Web</a> (Yahoo! ID required) <br>
Change settings via email: <a href="mailto:lexicographylist-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest">Switch delivery to Daily Digest</a> | <a href = "mailto:lexicographylist-fullfeatured@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Fully Featured">Switch to Fully Featured</a> <br>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lexicographylist;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbzhtYjAwBF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBGdycElkAzExNjgyNzgxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwOTE5NTkxMQRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNocGYEc3RpbWUDMTE4NjQwMjAwOQ--">
Visit Your Group
</a> |
<a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/">
Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use
</a> |
<a href="mailto:lexicographylist-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe">
Unsubscribe
</a>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<span style="color: white;"/>__,_._,___</span>
</BODY></HTML>
<BR>
<P><FONT SIZE=2>No virus found in this outgoing message.<BR>
Checked by AVG Free Edition.<BR>
Version: 7.5.476 / Virus Database: 269.10.25/926 - Release Date: 7/29/2007 11:14 PM<BR>
</FONT> </P>