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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Ron,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>In other cultures one might
“waste one’s time” by getting right down to business.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>I recommend the following,
humorously written, useful cross-cultural studies about different cultural
values<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>(etiquette, gestures, notions of
time and punctuality):<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Peter Collett, Foreign Bodies: A-Z
of European Mannerisms<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Polly Platt, French or Foe?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:2.25pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=3 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Fritz </span></font><font size=2
face=Verdana><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div style='margin-top:2.25pt;margin-bottom:2.25pt'>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2
face=Verdana><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>
<hr size=1 width="100%" noshade color=white align=center>
</span></font></div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
14.0pt'>Thank you for your helpful answer, Ron,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Fritz<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Because conceptual metaphors underlie many idioms
and secondary ("metaphorical"<wbr>) senses, I believe we need to
identify the conceptual metaphors that exist in a language and refer to them in
our dictionary entries. It might be possible, for instance, to include an
appendix that lists the conceptual metaphors and gives a list of examples under
each:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Appendix A: Conceptual Metaphors</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>1. Time is a resource that you use.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>waste time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>save time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>have time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>cost (number) (time word), e.g. cost two
hours</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>invested time in</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>time to spare</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>(run) out of time</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Then each relevant dictionary entry could
reference the appendix:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>waste v. To use something without gaining
any benefit from it. 'Leaving the lights on all night wastes electricity.<wbr>'
(Using the metaphor 'Time is a resource that you use', see Appendix A) 'I
don't want to waste your time, so let's get right down to business.'</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Note that I don't consider the second
example sentence to be a separate sense. The meaning is the same. It is just
applied to time as if time was a resource. We can talk this way in English
because of the conceptual metaphor. Other languages can't. Our conceptual
metaphor enables us to include the abstract concept 'time' in the list of
possible objects of 'waste' which would otherwise be limited to concrete
resources. Consequently I don't consider 'waste time' to be an idiom, but
others might disagree with me on this point.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Ron Moe</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;
margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabIndex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com</st1:PersonName> [mailto:<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicograph<wbr>ylist@yahoogroup<wbr>s.com</st1:PersonName>] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Fritz Goerling<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Sunday, July 29, 2007 7:11
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Time is money?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=4 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
color:black'>A while ago we had a discussion on the most common nouns in the
English language.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<O></O>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>“Time” was on top. I think that is revealing. George
Lakoff and Mark Johnson considered in “Metaphors we live by” (2003)<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>the metaphorical concept TIME IS MONEY as is reflected in
contemporary English, analyzing the following examples:<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>You are WASTING my time.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>The gadget will SAVE you hours.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>I don’t HAVE the time to GIVE you.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>How do you SPEND your time these days?<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>That flat tire COST me an hour.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>I’ve INVESTED a lot of time in her.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>I don’t HAVE ENOUGH time to SPARE for that.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>You’re RUNNING OUT of time.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>To lose, use, put aside, budget time are other expressions.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>All of them show TIME AS MONEY, TIME AS A LIMITED RESOURCE, and
TIME AS A VALUABLE COMMODITY.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>The authors are right by saying that these
conceptualizations are tied to certain Western cultures, and that there are
cultures where time is none of these things or is defined differently.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>You might know the joke about the Mexican and the Arab. The
Mexican says to the Arab, “I hear you have a word for tomorrow
that’s similar to our word <i><span style='font-style:italic'>maņana</span></i>.”<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>“Yes,” replies the Arab. “<i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Bukara</span></i>. But it doesn’t have the same
sense of urgency.”<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>Well, what about strongly time-oriented nationalities like
Americans, northern Europeans (Germans, Swedes)? All who have travelled know
about cultural clashes in the area of different concepts of punctuality and
time.<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>What then are the implications for dictionary-making, say in
a bilingual dictionary ‘English-language X//language X-English’?<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'>How are different concepts of time handled vice versa? In an
‘English-German/<wbr>/German-English’ dictionary it might be
relatively easy to find equivalent or similar expressions. But how about a
bililingual dictionary ‘English-language X which was just reduced to
writing’ and vice versa? <O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:black'><O></O>Fritz Goerling<O></O></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><O></O><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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