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bolstar1 wrote:
<blockquote cite="mid:g4apks+rr85@eGroups.com" type="cite">
<pre wrap="">Folks: I just wanted to give you a taste of what I do for fun. It
probably is not new to you, but you have liberty to use the forms
below as examples in your own work, if you are a grammarian, teacher
of rhetoric, or lexicographer using phrases in your work.
Reduplication (the doubling or repetition of a word, word
element, or sound) is a common lexical form with a number of
functions, basically rhetorical or emphatic. It expresses itself in
all the grammatical parts of speech and through a number of
rhetorical devices, most commonly 1) rhyming compounds 2)
alliteration 3) assonance 4) echoisms. Poetry, for instance, is
replete with reduplication.
</pre>
</blockquote>
For English reduplication is fun, but for Amele (Papuan) reduplication
is intergral to the grammatical system of the language. Check out this
sample:<br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">jo<span style="">
</span></i>‘house’<span style=""> </span><i style="">jo-jo<span
style=""> </span></i>‘houses’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">baga</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘leaf’<span style=""> </span><i style="">baga</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">-baga</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘thin’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">otig<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘brother’<span style=""> </span></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">otig-</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">otig<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘brothers’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ebinag</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="">
</span>‘sibling of opposite
sex’<span style=""> </span></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ebinag-</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ebinag</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span>‘brother
and sister’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">oso<span style="">
</span></i>‘one’<span style=""> </span><i style="">oso-oso<span
style=""> </span></i>‘anyone’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">ana<span style="">
</span></i>‘where’<span style=""> </span><i style="">ana-ana<span
style=""> </span></i>‘wherever’’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">me<span style="">
</span></i>‘good’<span style=""> </span><i style="">me-me<span
style=""> </span></i>‘very
good, many good things’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">nag<span style="">
</span></i>‘small’<span style=""> </span><i style="">nag-nag<span
style=""> </span></i>‘very
small, many small things’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">a<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘add,
with’<span style=""> </span></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">a-</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">a<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘alike’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">na<span style="">
</span></i>‘in, at’<span style=""> </span><i style="">na-na<span
style=""> </span></i>‘in
every one, at every place’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">fe</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘to see’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">fe</i></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">-fe</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘seeing’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">do</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘to know’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">do</i></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">-do</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘knowing’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">fe</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">eb<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘he looked-DS’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">fe</i></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">eb-fe</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">eb e</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘to look at
each other’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">qo</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob<span style=""> </span></span></i><span
lang="EN-US">‘he hit-DS’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">qo</i></span><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob-qo</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob e</span></i><i style=""><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US">‘to
hit each
other’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">qetudo</i></span><i
style=""><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span>‘he
cut him-DS’<span style=""> </span><i>qetudo</i></span><i><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob-qetudo</span></i><i><span
style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";" lang="EN-US">c</span><span
lang="EN-US">ob e</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Doulos SIL";"
lang="EN-US">c</span></i>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style="">
</span><span style=""> </span>‘to
cut each other’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">fen ‘he saw’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">fefen ‘as he saw’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">qon ‘he hit’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">qoqon ‘as he hit’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">dahig</i><span
style=""> </span>‘his ear’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">da-dahig<span style=""> </span></i>‘ears
of everyone’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">dih<span style="">
</span></i>‘just’<span style=""> </span><i style="">di-dih<span
style=""> </span></i>‘just
now’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">ilalec<span
style=""> </span></i>‘to
dodge’<span style=""> </span><i style="">i-ilalen<span style="">
</span></i>‘as
he dodged’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">odoc<span style="">
</span></i>‘to do’<span style=""> </span><i style="">o-odon<span
style=""> </span></i>‘as
he did’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">eben<span style="">
</span></i>‘his hand’<span style=""> </span><i
style="">eb-eben<span style=""> </span></i>‘hands
of everyone’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">abalec<span
style=""> </span></i>‘to search
with hands’<span style=""> </span><i style="">ab-abalec<span
style=""> </span></i>‘to
search repeatedly with<span style=""> </span>hands’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""></span><i style="">iloec<span style="">
</span></i>‘to fall
as small<span style=""> </span><i style="">il-iloec<span
style=""> </span></i>‘to
fall repeatedly as</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span style="">
</span>drops’<span style=""> </span><span
style=""> </span>small drops’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">ihuldoc<span style=""> </span>‘to mix’<span
style=""> </span>ihul-ihuldoc<span style=""> </span>‘to
mix repeatedly’’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">
</span>ihul-ahaldoc<span style=""> </span>‘to mix haphazardly’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span
style=""> </span>ihul-ahal<span style="">
</span>‘a chaotic mix’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">gasuec<span style=""> </span>‘to search’<span
style=""> </span>gasu-gasuec<span style=""> </span>‘to
search repeatedly’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">
</span>gasu-gisiec<span style=""> </span>‘to search here and
there’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">
</span>obut-ibit<span style=""> </span>‘stripes of alternate
colours’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">faleec<span style=""> </span>‘to flash’<span
style=""> </span>fale-faleec<span style=""> </span>‘to
flash repeatedly’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="">
</span>fale-fuleec<span style=""> </span>‘to flash
intermittently’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">falicdoc<span style=""> </span>‘to turn’<span
style=""> </span>falic-fulucdoc<span style=""> </span>‘to
revolve’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">gilidoc<span style=""> </span>‘to move’<span
style=""> </span>gili-golodoc<span style=""> </span>‘to
move from side to side’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US">gondoc<span style=""> </span>‘to turn aside’<span
style=""> </span>gon-gindoc<span style=""> </span>‘to
zigzag’</span>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span><span
style=""> </span>gon-gin<span style="">
</span>‘a
crooked path, a zigzag’</span><br>
<br>
John Roberts<br>
<br>
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