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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Scott,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>When it comes to connotation of so-called “synonyms”
we seem to agree in theory that there are none. But then you mention </span></font><b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>I lost my cool. || I could wring his neck. || Emotions
are running high. || The room is at a boiling point. || If he even looks at me
cross-eyed..<wbr>. || It galls me! || She's really hot under the collar. || He
went ballistic. || He's fit to be tied. || She went through the roof </span></b>as
synonyms of being “angry.” Do they not all differ in connotation? One
would find such lists in Roget’s Thesaurus. I would call them “synonyms”
only in a very wide sense because all would be used in different contexts.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>As a Bible translation consultant I am interested in precision and to
help our translators find the best equivalent of source language words in their
respective receptor language. If Greek or Hebrew have different words like </span></font><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>surprised, amazed,
astounded, shocked, dumbfounded, thunderstruck, startled, caught unawares,
flabbergasted, taken aback, stunned, awestruck, </span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>which to me express
fine nuances, I help them to exploit their language to find at least some
equivalences; sometimes they have even more words in a semantic domain than the
source languages. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>A tool which I recommend to Bible translators is:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=4 color="#5254a5" face=Arial><span
style='font-size:15.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#5254A5;letter-spacing:-.75pt;
font-weight:bold'>Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on
Semantic Domains<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt'><b><font size=1 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black;
font-weight:bold'>Author:</span></font></b><font size=1 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'> <a
href="http://www.logos.com/search/Louw%2c+Johannes+P.">Louw, Johannes P.</a>;
<a href="http://www.logos.com/search/Nida%2c+Eugene+A.">Nida, Eugene A.</a><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Publisher:</span></b> United Bible
Societies<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Publication Date: </span></b>1996 <a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/external-search/103-9654184-6443061?tag=logosreseasystei&index=books&keyword=Greek-English%20Lexicon%20of%20the%20New%20Testament%20based%20on%20Semantic%20Domains"
target="_blank" id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_biblioInfo_AmazonHyperLink"><font
color="#5254a5"><span style='color:#5254A5;text-decoration:none'><br>
</span></font>Read more about print editions</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height=0>
<td width=1 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=270 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=270 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=14 style='border:none'></td>
<td width=1 style='border:none'></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 color=black face=Arial><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
// The user moused over a hook
function ProductDetailPricesPopupMouseOver(evtCurrent)
{
// Check pre-conditions and get initial values
if (ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("bShowing") == true)
return;
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
evtCurrent = evtCurrent || window.event;
// Store our element's bounding box
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetBoundingBox(evtCurrent, divTipContainer);
var objBoundingBox = null;
objBoundingBox = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetBoundingBox(divTipContainer);
if (objBoundingBox == null)
return;
// Show the Popup
ProductDetailPricesPopupShow();
// Move the Popup to the proper location *after* it's showing (so browsers read the properties properly)
ProductDetailPricesPopupMove(objBoundingBox.rightX - 10, objBoundingBox.topY);
}
// The user moved the mouse
function ProductDetailPricesPopupMouseMove(evtCurrent)
{
// Check pre-conditions and get initial values
if (ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("bShowing") == false)
return;
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
var objBoundingBox = null;
objBoundingBox = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetBoundingBox(divTipContainer);
if (objBoundingBox == null)
return;
evtCurrent = evtCurrent || window.event;
// Check bounding box; if mouse is outside, hide the Popup
var objCoordinates = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetMousePos(evtCurrent);
if (objCoordinates.xPos < objBoundingBox.leftX || objCoordinates.xPos > objBoundingBox.rightX || objCoordinates.yPos < objBoundingBox.topY || objCoordinates.yPos > objBoundingBox.bottomY)
ProductDetailPricesPopupHide(evtCurrent);
}
// Make the Popup visible to the user
function ProductDetailPricesPopupShow()
{
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
divTipContainer.style.display = "block";
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("bShowing", true);
}
// Hide the Popup
function ProductDetailPricesPopupHide()
{
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
divTipContainer.style.display = "none";
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("bShowing", false);
}
// Put the Popup in the correct location on the screen, based on the top-left X/Y position passed in
function ProductDetailPricesPopupMove(nXPos, nYPos)
{
// Get element(s) and associated data
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
var objBoundingBox = null;
objBoundingBox = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetBoundingBox(divTipContainer);
if (objBoundingBox == null)
return;
// Pull screen sizes
var objScrolls = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetScrollPositions();
var objScreenSize = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetWindowSize();
// Set our popup container's new X and Y positions
divTipContainer.style.left = nXPos + "px";
divTipContainer.style.top = (nYPos - (divTipContainer.clientHeight / 2)) + "px";
/*
// If we're too far across the screen, make the Popup go to the left instead of to the right
var bGoingLeft = false;
var nXPixelNumericValue = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(divTipContainer.style.left);
if (nXPixelNumericValue > ((objScreenSize.width - (divTipContainer.clientWidth + 20)) + objScrolls.scrollX))
{
bGoingLeft = true;
divTipContainer.style.left = (nXPixelNumericValue - divTipContainer.clientWidth + objScrolls.scrollX) + "px";
}
*/
var bGoingLeft = false;
// Move popup up if it's too low
var nVerticalOffset = 0;
var nAdjustedHeight = objScreenSize.height + objScrolls.scrollY - divTipContainer.clientHeight;
if ((ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(divTipContainer.style.top)) > (nAdjustedHeight))
{
nVerticalOffset = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(divTipContainer.style.top);
divTipContainer.style.top = (nAdjustedHeight) + "px";
nVerticalOffset = nVerticalOffset - (nAdjustedHeight);
}
// Move popup down if it's too high
if ((ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(divTipContainer.style.top) - objScrolls.scrollY) < 20)
{
nVerticalOffset = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(divTipContainer.style.top);
divTipContainer.style.top = (objScrolls.scrollY + 20) + "px";
nVerticalOffset = nVerticalOffset - (objScrolls.scrollY + 20);
}
// Display our arrow in the correct location on the correct side
ProductDetailPricesPopupAdjustArrows(!bGoingLeft, nVerticalOffset);
}
// Save the four corners of the element that is currently showing the Popup
function ProductDetailPricesPopupSetBoundingBox(evtCurrent, divTipContainer)
{
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
var elemTarget = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetTargetElement(evtCurrent);
if (elemTarget == null)
return;
// Onmouseover event on the TR element *somehow* returns an event that has the TD as the target element; this code here is a hack that fixes that back onto the TR
if (elemTarget.tagName == "TD")
elemTarget = elemTarget.parentNode;
var objBoundingBox = { leftX:ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindPosX(elemTarget), rightX:0, topY:ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindPosY(elemTarget), bottomY:0 };
// I use the offsetWidth if there is no clientWidth. On IE this is not a problem, but on Firefox for some reason SPANs inside of LI elements give a clientWidth of zero, but the offsetWidth is correct...so, we use the offsetWidth
if (elemTarget.clientWidth == 0 && elemTarget.clientHeight == 0)
{
objBoundingBox.rightX = objBoundingBox.leftX + elemTarget.offsetWidth;
objBoundingBox.bottomY = objBoundingBox.topY + elemTarget.offsetHeight;
}
else
{
objBoundingBox.rightX = objBoundingBox.leftX + elemTarget.clientWidth;
objBoundingBox.bottomY = objBoundingBox.topY + elemTarget.clientHeight;
}
// Minimum size is a 10x10 square
if (objBoundingBox.rightX < objBoundingBox.leftX + 10)
objBoundingBox.rightX = objBoundingBox.leftX + 10;
if (objBoundingBox.bottomY < objBoundingBox.topY + 10)
objBoundingBox.bottomY = objBoundingBox.topY + 10;
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxLeftX", objBoundingBox.leftX);
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxRightX", objBoundingBox.rightX);
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxTopY", objBoundingBox.topY);
ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxBottomY", objBoundingBox.bottomY);
}
// Retrieve the four corners of the element that is currently showing the Popup
function ProductDetailPricesPopupGetBoundingBox(divTipContainer)
{
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
var objBoundingBox = {};
objBoundingBox.leftX = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxLeftX");
objBoundingBox.rightX = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxRightX");
objBoundingBox.topY = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxTopY");
objBoundingBox.bottomY = ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute("movementBoundingBoxBottomY");
return objBoundingBox;
}
// Sizes and locations get a "px" tacked on the end, so this function strips that off
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindNumericValFromPixelVal(sPixelValue)
{
var nNumericValue = parseInt(sPixelValue, 10);
if (nNumericValue != NaN)
return nNumericValue;
return 0;
}
// http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/tutorials/javascript/browserwindow
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetWindowSize()
{
var oSizeContainer = {};
oSizeContainer.width = 0;
oSizeContainer.height = 0;
// Non-IE
if (typeof (window.innerWidth) == "number")
{
oSizeContainer.width = window.innerWidth;
oSizeContainer.height = window.innerHeight;
}
// IE 6 in "standards compliant mode" (strict mode)
else if (document.documentElement && (document.documentElement.clientWidth || document.documentElement.clientHeight))
{
oSizeContainer.width = document.documentElement.clientWidth;
oSizeContainer.height = document.documentElement.clientHeight;
}
// IE 4 compatible and IE 6 quirks mode
else if (document.body && (document.body.clientWidth || document.body.clientHeight))
{
oSizeContainer.width = document.body.clientWidth;
oSizeContainer.height = document.body.clientHeight;
}
return oSizeContainer;
}
// http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/tutorials/javascript/browserwindow
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetScrollPositions()
{
var objTheScrolls = {};
objTheScrolls.scrollX = 0;
objTheScrolls.scrollY = 0;
// Most browsers
if (typeof (window.pageYOffset) == "number")
{
objTheScrolls.scrollX = window.pageXOffset;
objTheScrolls.scrollY = window.pageYOffset;
}
// DOM compliant and IE 6 quirks mode
else if (document.body && (document.body.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollTop))
{
objTheScrolls.scrollX = document.body.scrollLeft;
objTheScrolls.scrollY = document.body.scrollTop;
}
// IE 6 "standards compliant mode" (strict mode)
else if (document.documentElement && (document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.documentElement.scrollTop))
{
objTheScrolls.scrollX = document.documentElement.scrollLeft;
objTheScrolls.scrollY = document.documentElement.scrollTop;
}
return objTheScrolls;
}
// Change the left and right buffers and the visibility CSS on the arrows on the left and right margins, so we can show the left or the right arrow in the correct location
function ProductDetailPricesPopupAdjustArrows(bLeft, nVerticalOffsetFromCenter)
{
// Grab each element that plays a part in our arrow-showing extravaganza;
var elemContainer = document.getElementById("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
var elemLeft = document.getElementById("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divLeftArrow");
var elemRight = document.getElementById("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divRightArrow");
var elemCorner = document.getElementById("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_tclTopLeftCorner");
// Perform our height calculations
var nNewTopHeight = (elemContainer.clientHeight - elemLeft.clientHeight) / 2;
nNewTopHeight += nVerticalOffsetFromCenter;
if (nNewTopHeight < elemCorner.clientHeight)
{
nNewTopHeight = elemCorner.clientHeight;
}
// Set the heights properly
elemLeft.style.top = nNewTopHeight + "px";
elemRight.style.top = nNewTopHeight + "px";
// It's a left arrow!
if (bLeft)
{
// Show the proper arrow
elemLeft.className = "arrow leftArrowShow";
elemRight.className = "arrow rightArrowHide";
// Fix our horizontal placement
elemLeft.style.left = 0;
}
// It's a right arrow!!@`1
else
{
// Show the proper arrow
elemLeft.className = "arrow leftArrowHide";
elemRight.className = "arrow rightArrowShow";
}
}
// www.quirksmode.org
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetMousePos(evtCurrent)
{
evtCurrent = evtCurrent || window.event;
var objCoordinates = {};
if (evtCurrent.pageX || evtCurrent.pageY)
{
// Main position values
objCoordinates.xPos = evtCurrent.pageX;
objCoordinates.yPos = evtCurrent.pageY;
}
else if (evtCurrent.clientX || evtCurrent.clientY)
{
// Main position values
objCoordinates.xPos = evtCurrent.clientX;
objCoordinates.yPos = evtCurrent.clientY;
var objScrolls = ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityGetScrollPositions(evtCurrent);
// Add scroll values as necessary
objCoordinates.xPos += objScrolls.scrollX;
objCoordinates.yPos += objScrolls.scrollY;
}
return objCoordinates;
}
// www.quirksmode.org
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindPosX(elemCurrent)
{
var curleft = 0;
if (elemCurrent.offsetParent)
{
while (elemCurrent.offsetParent)
{
curleft += elemCurrent.offsetLeft;
elemCurrent = elemCurrent.offsetParent;
}
}
else if (elemCurrent.x)
curleft += elemCurrent.x;
return curleft;
}
// www.quirksmode.org
function ProductDetailPricesPopupUtilityFindPosY(elemCurrent)
{
var curtop = 0;
if (elemCurrent.offsetParent)
{
while (elemCurrent.offsetParent)
{
curtop += elemCurrent.offsetTop;
elemCurrent = elemCurrent.offsetParent;
}
}
else if (elemCurrent.y)
{
curtop += elemCurrent.y;
}
return curtop;
}
// Set an attribute in the ProductDetailPricesPopup DIV itself as a property
function ProductDetailPricesPopupSetAttribute(sAttributeName, oAttributeValue)
{
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return;
if (divTipContainer.setAttribute)
divTipContainer.setAttribute(sAttributeName, oAttributeValue);
else
divTipContainer[sAttributeName] = oAttributeValue;
}
// Get an attribute that was previously set in the ProductDetailPricesPopup DIV
function ProductDetailPricesPopupGetAttribute(sAttributeName)
{
var divTipContainer = document.getElementById ("ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_pricesControl_divContainer");
if (divTipContainer == null)
return null;
return ProductDetailPricesPopupGetHTMLElementAttribute(divTipContainer, sAttributeName);
}
// Get an attribute from a particular HTML element
function ProductDetailPricesPopupGetHTMLElementAttribute(elemTarget, sAttributeName)
{
if (elemTarget == null || sAttributeName == null)
return;
var oFoundValue = null;
if (elemTarget.getAttribute)
oFoundValue = elemTarget.getAttribute(sAttributeName);
else
oFoundValue = elemTarget[sAttributeName];
return oFoundValue;
}
// Retrieve the target of a particular event -- cross-browser compatibility
function ProductDetailPricesPopupGetTargetElement(evtCurrent)
{
evtCurrent = evtCurrent || window.event;
if (evtCurrent.target)
return evtCurrent.target;
else if (evtCurrent.srcElement)
return evtCurrent.srcElement;
return null;
}
</script><span style='display:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
id=CornerTable>
<tr>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1033"
src="cid:image003.gif@01C92F11.AB4D5010"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor=white style='background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1034"
src="cid:image004.gif@01C92F11.AB4D5010"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=white style='background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor=white style='background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><img border=0 width=160 height=208
id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_productImageBox_OutputImage"
src="cid:image005.jpg@01C92F11.AB4D5010"
alt="Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor=white style='background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1036"
src="cid:image006.gif@01C92F11.AB4D5010"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor=white style='background:white;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1037"
src="cid:image007.gif@01C92F11.AB4D5010"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p><span id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_shortDescriptionLabel"><font size=1
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Louw-Nida Greek
Lexicon is a modern Greek lexicon using the concept of "semantic
domains." This lexicon differs from other lexicons in that it does not
arrange words alphabetically and it does not give one listing of a word with
all of that word's meanings after it. Instead, it breaks words down by their
various shades of meaning. It then groups all of those entries together and
organizes them by topics and sub-topics. It shows the nuances in word
meanings and explains difficult expressions and idiomatic usages of words,
and even provides advice on how words might be translated under various
conditions. Since it groups words by meanings, it shows distinctions in
meaning between similar words, and also between differences in one word's
meaning in different contexts, as well as showing the overlaps between word
meanings.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Maybe
you have something like that in mind?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Fritz
Goerling<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold'><br>
<br>
</span></font></b><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><br>
Fritz, I've considered your observation of the impossibility of there being a
true "synonym," too. This is why I'm disappointed in standard
dictionaries lacking listings of connotation, frequency, and context -- which
could quite easily be identified in digital format. As to the general concept
of synonyms, though, I think there are true synonyms -- which are exhibited
in divergent phrasing, not necessarily in divergent meaning or connotation. <br>
Notice the different grammatical form -- including tense, person, and mood --
in the following phrases, which all mean essentially "angry." -- I
lost my cool. || I could wring his neck. || Emotions are running high. || The
room is at a boiling point. || If he even looks at me cross-eyed..<wbr>. ||
It galls me! || She's really hot under the collar. || He went ballistic. ||
He's fit to be tied. || She went through the roof. <br>
By the way, Fritz, did you hear about the German </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>truck that was
loaded with thesauruses yesterday? It crashed into a dictionary publishing
company building. The bystanders were surprised, amazed, astounded, shocked,
dumbfounded, thunderstruck, startled, caught unawares, flabbergasted, taken
aback, stunned, awestruck, caught with heir pants down, ... <br>
It must be a human aversion to cliche that makes humanity come up with synonyms.
Maybe the answer is in that simple principle.</span></font><o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Fritz, do Germans have synonyms?<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><br>
Scott Nelson<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
<br>
--- On <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Wed, 10/15/08, Fritz Goerling <i><span
style='font-style:italic'><Fritz_Goerling@<wbr>sil.org></span></i></span></b>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>From: Fritz Goerling
<Fritz_Goerling@<wbr>sil.org><br>
Subject: RE: [Lexicog] Law of Synonyms<br>
To: <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@<wbr>yahoogroups.<wbr>com</st1:PersonName><br>
Date: Wednesday, October 15, 2008, 12:45 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=yiv1406401935>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Is there a <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>law</span></i> of synonyms? I don’t believe
in synonyms. No two words are exactly “synonymous” from the point
of view of connotation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Concerning your example from the computer domain, let me mention
another example, given to me by a computer specialist. Who speaks of
‘jump drive’ or ‘pen drive’ any more? It’s
probably between ‘flash drive’ and ‘thumb drive’
nowadays. And who knows what will come up next.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>When two or more expressions come up at about the same time and
compete, ‘brevity (punch)’ is one factor IMO that makes the
winner.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Brevity is the soul of wit (Shakespeare, Hamlet 2, 86-92),</span></font>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Fritz Goerling</span></font> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Law of Synonyms <br>
There must be a law of synonyms somewhere (of phrasal synomyms <br>
in particular). Dictionaries and thesauruses (thesauri) seem too <br>
arbitrary & random too trust for this purpose. Of course, corpora <br>
listings are easy for words. I've been wondering for years what the <br>
world would gravitate toward -- "laptop" or "notebook" <br>
computer. "Portable computer" seems quaint, but... The reason I'm <br>
fishing in this pond is that I would hate wading through <br>
dissertations or theses looking for synonym principles (must be lazy <br>
or something). The only simple, quick source for finding phrasal <br>
frequency comparisons seems to be google-counting. "Laptop"
(computer<br>
(s)) wins on this one, generally by 22%-30%. But we're dealing with <br>
the `phrase' "notebook computer" and "laptop computer." <br>
Googling "notebook" alone skews the results. <br>
Has anyone done, or seen, research about how one term (or <br>
phrase) tends to predominate over others -- when two or more <br>
expressions begin at about the same time? Is is there a phonetic <br>
(e.g. reduplicative, length, ease-of-pronunciati on) influence? Is <br>
there a "great-man" influence, according to coiner? First come,
first <br>
served? Regional? Or is it truly unpredicable? <br>
This is an open-ended question.... Any ideas?<br>
<br>
Scott Nelson<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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