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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Scott, as you want one single answer, I have to make a decision: In
none of the two. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>(I’m willing to debate it off-list).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In a couple of hours (1 a.m. here in West
Africa) I’ll watch the 3<sup>rd</sup> presidential debate in the <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>So I say good night as far as the
discussion goes,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Fritz<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Fritz, do Germans believe in the power of the
American dollar, or in German synonyms? I want one single answer.<br>
Scott<br>
--- On <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Wed, 10/15/08, Fritz Goerling <i><span
style='font-style:italic'><Fritz_Goerling@sil.org></span></i></span></b>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>From: Fritz Goerling
<Fritz_Goerling@sil.org><br>
Subject: RE: [Lexicog] Law of Synonyms<br>
To: <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName><br>
Date: Wednesday, October 15, 2008, 6:03 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=yiv1962403500>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>Scott,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>When it comes to connotation of so-called “synonyms”
we seem to agree in theory that there are none. But then you mention </span></font><b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>I lost my cool. || I could wring his neck. ||
Emotions are running high. || The room is at a boiling point. || If he even
looks at me cross-eyed.. . || It galls me! || She's really hot under the
collar. || He went ballistic. || He's fit to be tied. || She went through the
roof </span></b>as synonyms of being “angry.” Do they not all
differ in connotation? One would find such lists in Roget’s Thesaurus.
I would call them “synonyms” only in a very wide sense because
all would be used in different contexts.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>As a Bible
translation consultant I am interested in precision and to help our
translators find the best equivalent of source language words in their
respective receptor language. If Greek or Hebrew have different words like </span></font><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>surprised,
amazed, astounded, shocked, dumbfounded, thunderstruck, startled, caught
unawares, flabbergasted, taken aback, stunned, awestruck, </span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>which to
me express fine nuances, I help them to exploit their language to find at
least some equivalences; sometimes they have even more words in a semantic
domain than the source languages. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>A tool
which I recommend to Bible translators is:</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td valign=top bgcolor="#E5E5F1" style='background:#E5E5F1;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=4 color="#5254a5" face=Arial><span style='font-size:
15.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#5254A5;font-weight:bold'>Greek-English
Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains</span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=1 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:black;font-weight:bold'>Author:</span></font></b><font
size=1 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black'> <a
href="http://www.logos.com/search/Louw%2c+Johannes+P." target="_blank">Louw,
Johannes P.</a>; <a href="http://www.logos.com/search/Nida%2c+Eugene+A."
target="_blank">Nida, Eugene A.</a><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Publisher:</span></b> United Bible
Societies<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Publication Date: </span></b>1996 <a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/external-search/103-9654184-6443061?tag=logosreseasystei&index=books&keyword=Greek-English%20Lexicon%20of%20the%20New%20Testament%20based%20on%20Semantic%20Domains"
target="_blank" id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_biblioInfo_AmazonHyperLink"><font
color="#5254a5"><span style='color:#5254A5;text-decoration:none'><br>
</span></font>Read more about print editions</a> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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Arial'><img border=0 width=160 height=208
id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_productImageBox_OutputImage"
src="cid:image005.jpg@01C92F17.7F61A9F0"
alt="Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains"></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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Arial'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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auto'><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Arial'><img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1037"
src="cid:image007.gif@01C92F17.7F61A9F0"></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<div><span id="ctl00_CenterColumn_ctl00_shortDescriptionLabel">
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Louw-Nida Greek Lexicon is a modern Greek lexicon using
the concept of "semantic domains." This lexicon differs from
other lexicons in that it does not arrange words alphabetically and it does
not give one listing of a word with all of that word's meanings after it.
Instead, it breaks words down by their various shades of meaning. It then
groups all of those entries together and organizes them by topics and
sub-topics. It shows the nuances in word meanings and explains difficult
expressions and idiomatic usages of words, and even provides advice on how
words might be translated under various conditions. Since it groups words
by meanings, it shows distinctions in meaning between similar words, and
also between differences in one word's meaning in different contexts, as
well as showing the overlaps between word meanings.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Maybe you have something like that in mind?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Best,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Fritz Goerling</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'><br>
Fritz, I've considered your observation of the impossibility of there being
a true "synonym," too. This is why I'm disappointed in standard
dictionaries lacking listings of connotation, frequency, and context --
which could quite easily be identified in digital format. As to the general
concept of synonyms, though, I think there are true synonyms -- which are
exhibited in divergent phrasing, not necessarily in divergent meaning or
connotation. <br>
Notice the different grammatical form -- including tense, person, and mood
-- in the following phrases, which all mean essentially "angry."
-- I lost my cool. || I could wring his neck. || Emotions are running high.
|| The room is at a boiling point. || If he even looks at me cross-eyed.. .
|| It galls me! || She's really hot under the collar. || He went ballistic.
|| He's fit to be tied. || She went through the roof. <br>
By the way, Fritz, did you hear about the German </span></font></b><b><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>truck that was
loaded with thesauruses yesterday? It crashed into a dictionary publishing
company building. The bystanders were surprised, amazed, astounded,
shocked, dumbfounded, thunderstruck, startled, caught unawares,
flabbergasted, taken aback, stunned, awestruck, caught with heir pants
down, ... <br>
It must be a human aversion to cliche that makes humanity come up with
synonyms. Maybe the answer is in that simple principle.</span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'>Fritz, do Germans have synonyms?</span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'><br>
Scott Nelson</span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
<br>
--- On <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Wed, 10/15/08, Fritz Goerling <i><span
style='font-style:italic'><Fritz_Goerling@ sil.org></span></i></span></b>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>From:
Fritz Goerling <Fritz_Goerling@ sil.org><br>
Subject: RE: [Lexicog] Law of Synonyms<br>
To: lexicographylist@ yahoogroups. com<br>
Date: Wednesday, October 15, 2008, 12:45 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=yiv1406401935>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Is
there a <i><span style='font-style:italic'>law</span></i> of synonyms? I
don’t believe in synonyms. No two words are exactly
“synonymous” from the point of view of connotation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Concerning your example from the computer
domain, let me mention another example, given to me by a computer
specialist. Who speaks of ‘jump drive’ or ‘pen
drive’ any more? It’s probably between ‘flash
drive’ and ‘thumb drive’ nowadays. And who knows what will
come up next.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'>When two or more expressions come up at about
the same time and compete, ‘brevity (punch)’ is one factor IMO
that makes the winner.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Brevity is the soul of wit (Shakespeare,
Hamlet 2, 86-92),</span></font> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Fritz Goerling</span></font> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Law
of Synonyms <br>
There must be a law of synonyms somewhere (of phrasal synomyms <br>
in particular). Dictionaries and thesauruses (thesauri) seem too <br>
arbitrary & random too trust for this purpose. Of course, corpora <br>
listings are easy for words. I've been wondering for years what the <br>
world would gravitate toward -- "laptop" or "notebook" <br>
computer. "Portable computer" seems quaint, but... The reason I'm
<br>
fishing in this pond is that I would hate wading through <br>
dissertations or theses looking for synonym principles (must be lazy <br>
or something). The only simple, quick source for finding phrasal <br>
frequency comparisons seems to be google-counting. "Laptop"
(computer<br>
(s)) wins on this one, generally by 22%-30%. But we're dealing with <br>
the `phrase' "notebook computer" and "laptop computer."
<br>
Googling "notebook" alone skews the results. <br>
Has anyone done, or seen, research about how one term (or <br>
phrase) tends to predominate over others -- when two or more <br>
expressions begin at about the same time? Is is there a phonetic <br>
(e.g. reduplicative, length, ease-of-pronunciati on) influence? Is <br>
there a "great-man" influence, according to coiner? First come,
first <br>
served? Regional? Or is it truly unpredicable? <br>
This is an open-ended question.... Any ideas?<br>
<br>
Scott Nelson<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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