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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Wayne Leman wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>“</span></font>Ron, are you
searching for explanations other than cultural saliency?<font size=2
color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Yes. Cultural salience is just one factor.
I would say cultural salience is one aspect of what I call the universality of
human experience. All languages will have words for ‘eat’ and ‘sleep’
because all of us have to do these things. (The exact meaning of ‘eat’
may vary slightly from language to language, but will have the primary sense of
‘ingest food through the mouth’.) Some languages have specific
areas of experience that are important to them but are not universal. ‘Domesticated
elephants’ is an important domain in some areas of south <st1:place
w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>. You mention a few that are important for the <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyenne</st1:place></st1:City>. So human
experience results in a cline from the universal to the culturally unique. For
instance every culture builds houses. Even nomads build temporary/transportable
shelters. But igloos are unique (I think) to Eskimo culture.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Another explanation is what I call
semantic universals. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) lists about 60
semantic primitives. If the NSM claim is true, then all complex concepts are
composed of simpler concepts. But I believe there is more to it than this. (The
proponents of NSM would probably agree.) I would say that there are other
fundamental semantic building blocks (such as agency). One complicating factor
is that all concepts seem (to me) to be complex, even the NSM primitives. Some concepts
appear to be universal, others common, others rare. I would like to sort out
why. Is it merely that common human experiences result in universals and that
unusual cultural practices will result in rare lexemes? Or are there
fundamental semantic concepts (e.g. NSM’s primitives) that tend to
combine in common patterns?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Another complicating factor is that all
concepts appear to be related to other concepts. Steyvers and Tenenbaum claim
that the three semantic networks that they investigated each contained a giant
network in which almost all of the words were related. One of the three had a
single network that contained 96% of all words. The other two had networks that
contained 99% of all words. Steyvers and Tenenbaum also claim that the network
is not uniformly distributed. Words tend to cluster around hubs. This is the
basis of a semantic domain—a hub with a cluster of related words. As I’ve
studied semantic domains, I’ve come to several conclusions. For instance
I’ve known for a long time that words were not uniformly distributed, but
tend to cluster. The question is why. Steyvers and Tenenbaum also claim that
words tend to be connected to few other words, but the hubs tend to have many
connections. This results in a very dense network. So it only takes an average
of four or five links to get from any given lexeme to any other lexeme. This is
not something that is predictable or true of other kinds of networks. So why does
the mental lexicon have this kind of structure?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Another puzzling feature of the lexicon is
that high-frequency, mono-morphemic lexemes tend to be hubs. A few of them are
super generics (e.g. thing, person, do,). But in my list of semantic domains
they tend to be mid-level domains. The very general and very specific domains
tend to be complex lexemes (e.g. 4 Social behavior, 4.2.1.4.2 Show hospitality).
Mono-morphemic lexemes tend to be hubs and complex lexemes tend to be specific
types (e.g. chair versus highchair, rocking chair, armchair). Consequently I
have felt for a long time that my hierarchical organization is not a good
reflection of the semantic network. It may be convenient, but it is
linguistically wrong. So I am very interested in knowing what the semantic
network actually looks like. What are the major hubs? Why are some lexemes
major hubs and others not? How are the hubs related? How do we model the
semantic network? What implications does all this have for practical
lexicography? The DDP list of domains works really well as a word collection
tool, but could it be improved? Could we construct a truly etic list of
semantic domains/hubs that could be used to investigate the semantics of any
language? To what degree do the hubs of one language correspond to the hubs of
another language? I think this is a huge area needing lots of research.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Wayne Leman<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Monday, November 17, 2008
5:47 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Digest Number
1050</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
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<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><snip><br>
<br>
> I just read Steyvers and Tenenbaum. I don't know anything about <br>
> statistics,<br>
> so I didn't gain much from it. But the article raises a number of issues<br>
> that I am very interested in. Their semantic networks and central nodes <br>
> are<br>
> very similar to semantic domains and other perspectives on semantics. I've<br>
> been trying to get a handle on why the mental lexicon tends to clump and<br>
> cluster around key words.<br>
> Ron Moe<br>
<br>
Ron, are you searching for explanations other than cultural saliency? I've <br>
noted what others have, that lexicons tend to be highly developed for those <br>
semantic domains which reflect a highly developed area of the culture of the <br>
people speaking that language.<br>
<br>
So, for instance, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyennes</st1:place></st1:City>,
with whom I have worked, have many terms for <br>
different kinds of horses. Horses have been very important to the <st1:City
w:st="on">Cheyennes</st1:City> <br>
since their introduction via <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mexico</st1:place></st1:country-region>
quite some time ago.<br>
<br>
There are many terms for cuts of meat. That reflects the hunting part of <br>
their traditional hunter-gatherer culture, where it was important to butcher <br>
a buffalo or deer well and to use the different parts in traditional ways.<br>
<br>
There used to be a number of terms for growing corn, when <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Cheyennes</st1:place></st1:City> were <br>
stationary long enough to do some planting. I've seen some of the terms in <br>
older lists of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyenne</st1:place></st1:City>
words. But the corn growing terms are nearly extinct <br>
now that <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyennes</st1:place></st1:City>
no longer grow corn. (It's easier to buy corn at the <br>
grocery store.)<br>
<br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Wayne</st1:place></st1:City><br>
-----<br>
Wayne Leman<br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cheyenne</st1:place></st1:City>
dictionary online:<br>
<a href="http://cheyenne.110mb.com">http://cheyenne.<wbr>110mb.com</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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