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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Mike Maxwell wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>“</span></font>what does it mean for
one word to be a 'hub', rather than another?<font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>This is a metaphor used in a theory of
semantic networks. In the theory each lexeme is a “node” and each
relationship is an “edge”. You can picture a node as a little
circle and an edge as a line:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>o--------o<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Some lexemes are related to many other
lexemes. So you can picture one of these important lexemes and its many
relationships as a wheel hub with many spokes. There would be no rim to the
wheel, just spokes.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'> o o<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'> \ /<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>o—o—o <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'> / \<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'> o o<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>A better image might be a pin cushion with
lots of pins sticking out of it at all angles. Chemists use a similar metaphor
to display molecules. Each atom is a different color ball. The atoms are stuck
together with sticks at various angles to portray molecular bonds. For a
pictorial example go to:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><a
href="http://www.blc.arizona.edu/Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML">http://www.blc.arizona.edu/Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Let’s imagine that ‘armchair’
is only related to ‘chair’, but that ‘chair’ was
related to ‘high chair’ ‘sofa’ ‘furniture’
and ‘stool’. In this case ‘armchair’ would be a node
with only a single link to ‘chair’:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>armchair-----chair<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>But ‘chair’ would be a hub
(and a node) with lots of spokes:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
furniture<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
|<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>armchair-----chair----sofa<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
/ \<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
stool high chair<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>It turns out that ‘furniture’
is also a hub:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
lamp desk<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
\ /<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>bookcase---furniture---table<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
|<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>armchair-----chair----sofa<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
/ \<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>
stool high chair<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>I prefer the pin cushion metaphor. So you
can think of the semantic network as a big pile of pin cushions with some pins just
sticking out and other pins linking one pin cushion to another. A semantic
domain would be a pin cushion and all the pins sticking in it.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Now we can start examining the features of
this pile of pin cushions. There are about 2,000 pin cushions and 50,000 nodes.
So on average each pin cushion has 25 pins sticking in it. Why so many? Why not
10,000 pin cushions and only five pins in each? A pile of 2,000 pin cushions
would be about 13 by 13 by 12 in three dimensional space. Yet on average each
node is linked to each other node by only four or five pins. Why not 12 or 13? Why
so dense? What sort of structure would result in an average of only four links
between any two words? How would you link up 2,000 pin cushions so that they
would all be tied together in such a dense mass?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>One way to determine which words are hubs
is to do a free association test. In this test a person is given a word and ask
to say the first word that comes to mind. For instance the person is given the
word ‘cat’ and the first word that comes to mind is ‘dog’.
By testing lots of people with lots of words the researcher can determine which
words are associated with which other words. It turns out that some words have
many associations and others very few. Those with many associations are the hubs
(or pin cushions). (The DDP word collection method is basically a free
association exercise.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Steyvers and Tenenbaum’s article
investigated the results of such a research project and two others—WordNet
and Roget’s Thesaurus. Unfortunately the article is mostly a very obscure
and technical discussion of the statistical properties of the semantic networks
contained in these three works. My poor brain could only glean a few insights
and observations from it. The primary conclusion they draw is that the mental
semantic network is not random. It has peculiar statistical properties.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName> [mailto:<st1:PersonName
w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName>] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Mike Maxwell<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Monday, November 17, 2008
10:58 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lexicog] Digest
Number 1050</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ronald
Moe wrote:<br>
> Words tend to cluster around hubs. This is the basis of a semantic<br>
> domain—a hub with a cluster of related words. As I’ve studied<br>
> semantic domains, I’ve come to several conclusions. For instance
I’ve<br>
> known for a long time that words were not uniformly distributed, but<br>
> tend to cluster. <br>
> ...<br>
> Another puzzling feature of the lexicon is that high-frequency,<br>
> mono-morphemic lexemes tend to be hubs.<br>
<br>
I'm trying to wrap my mind around this...what does it mean for one word <br>
to be a 'hub', rather than another? I.e. how do we know which words are <br>
hubs?<br>
<br>
And what does it mean for words to cluster around hubs--that there is <br>
some kind of semantic empty space between clusters, like the more or <br>
less empty space between galaxies? The latter can be measured in light <br>
years, and the average distance between stars in a galaxy is much less <br>
than the average distance between galaxies (or between a star in one <br>
galaxy and the nearest star in a neighboring galaxy). What is the <br>
metric for measuring the space between word clusters, i.e. how do we <br>
know that the clusters don't abut each other or even overlap?<br>
-- <br>
Mike Maxwell<br>
<a href="mailto:maxwell%40ldc.upenn.edu">maxwell@ldc.<wbr>upenn.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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