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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Mike Maxwell wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>“</span></font>Paint me skeptical...<font
size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Ah, a man after my own heart. On the
positive side the DDP word collection process works because people are able to
start with (what seems to me like) a hub and think of lots of words related to
it. So there must be mental links that we can use to recall a set of
semantically related words. On the other hand, Mike is correct that you
can take any word and come up with links to other words. ‘High chair’
is a good example and Mike points out some obvious links. It is used by small
children (old enough to sit up and too young to sit on a regular chair). It is
used to feed the child, usually be placing food on a tray that attaches to the
arms of the chair. So ‘high chair’ must be linked to ‘child’
and ‘eat’ (or ‘feed’) and ‘arm (of a chair)’,
etc. Or is it? Would it be more accurate to say that ‘high chair’
activates a scenario that includes a parent placing the child in the high chair
and feeding the child? In which case the links are to elements of the scenario
rather than to particular lexical items.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Theoretical models are, by necessity,
over-simplifications of reality, otherwise we could not conceptualize them away
from the mass of detail in the real world. A model such as the one we are
discussing may enable us to make some observations that we couldn’t
without the over-simplification. If we attempt to enrich the model with more
detail, eventually we become overwhelmed with the detail. Mike points out that there
are different kinds of links. In fact Steyvers and Tenenbaum’s article
talks about directional links. In free association ‘cat’ leads to ‘dog’
in a single direction. ‘Dog’ may also lead to ‘cat’,
but not necessarily. Some lexical relations are reflexive (e.g. synonym) but
others are not. The part-whole relationship is a one-to-many relationship.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Steyvers and Tenenbaum’s article
state that there are an average of four or five links between any two words. But
the examples they give are flawed. One of the series they give is “volcano
> mountain > sea > saw > tooth > ache”. But the meaning of
‘sea’ in the ‘mountain > sea’ link is obviously
different than the meaning in the ‘sea > saw’ link. In fact the ‘sea
> saw’ link could be interpreted two ways—as an inflectional
link between ‘see’ and its past tense ‘saw’, or as a
compound link ‘see’ + ‘saw’ = ‘seesaw’. In
either case the linkage makes a transcontinental leap from ‘sea’ to
‘see’. Another series is “volcano > erupt > blow >
hair > head > ache”. In this series it is ‘blow’ that
has two meanings. So they are tracing links between phonological or
orthographic forms and ignoring the semantics. Yet they claim they are
investigating the “semantics network”. If so, these links would
have to specify which meaning of the word is being linked. So…<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Paint me skeptical too…<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Mike Maxwell<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, November 18, 2008
10:03 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Lexicog] Digest
Number 1050</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='float:left;z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ronald
Moe wrote:<br>
> Mike Maxwell wrote:<br>
> “what does it mean for one word to be a 'hub', rather than
another?”<br>
> <br>
> This is a metaphor used in a theory of semantic networks. <br>
> ...<br>
> Let’s imagine that ‘armchair’ is only related to
‘chair’, but that <br>
> ‘chair’ was related to ‘high chair’
‘sofa’ ‘furniture’ and ‘stool’.<br>
> In this case ‘armchair’ would be a node with only a single
link to<br>
> ‘chair’:<br>
> <br>
> armchair----<wbr>-chair<br>
> <br>
> But ‘chair’ would be a hub (and a node) with lots of spokes:<br>
> <br>
> furniture<br>
> |<br>
> armchair----<wbr>-chair---<wbr>-sofa<br>
> / \<br>
> stool high chair<br>
> <br>
> It turns out that ‘furniture’ is also a hub...<br>
<br>
Right, but to go from a metaphor to a theory, there has to be some way <br>
to accurately measure (count) these links. For example, how do we know <br>
that 'stool' is connected to 'chair' instead of directly to 'furniture'?<br>
<br>
And what about multiple inheritance? Is 'high chair' linked to both <br>
'chair' and 'table'? If not, why not? And is 'high chair' perhaps <br>
linked to 'baby' or 'infant' as well, or do only 'is-a' links count (as <br>
opposed in this example to 'for the use of' links)? How would we know <br>
which kinds of links count and which kinds don't? If we count links <br>
other than 'is-a' links, I suspect that every word might turn into a <br>
hub, because words which are specific have lots of links to other <br>
concepts--namely, the concepts that help define their specificity. And <br>
at a guess, there won't be much space between clusters.<br>
<br>
Also, do incoming 'is-a' links (the one from 'furniture' to 'chair' <br>
count differently from outgoing 'is-a' links (the ones from 'chair' to <br>
'armchair', 'stool' and 'high chair')? And what kind of link is it <br>
between 'chair' and 'sofa'? If the two are instead linked directly from <br>
'furniture' (and linked to each other only by way of the 'furniture' <br>
node), then the count of links from 'chair' goes down; so if we're going <br>
to determine whether s.t. is a hub by counting the links, this is important.<br>
<br>
I suspect there's also an issue of the gradiency of links. For example, <br>
if I'm camping, a stump or rock may make a good chair. Is there a weak <br>
link between 'stump' or 'rock' and 'chair'? What about a barstool that <br>
has a back to it: is it linked to 'stool' or to 'chair', and how would <br>
we know? Is a 'wheelchair' a 'chair', or is it linked more to 'bicycle' <br>
or 'tricycle' (or to some node above them)? Is a 'seat' in a car a <br>
chair? Does it matter whether it's a bucket seat, a bench seat, or a <br>
child's car seat? What about the seat on a motorcycle or bicycle?<br>
<br>
It reminds me a bit of Fillmore's Case Grammar; very attractive, until <br>
you try to pin down exactly what it means. (Your mileage may vary :-).)<br>
<br>
Paint me skeptical...<br>
-- <br>
Mike Maxwell<br>
<a href="mailto:maxwell%40ldc.upenn.edu">maxwell@ldc.<wbr>upenn.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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