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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Hi Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>There is no neat way to distinguish various
kinds of complex forms. Instead languages employ a variety of means to build
complex forms out of the building blocks of the lexicon. These building blocks
are things like roots, affixes, reduplication rules, tone/stress patterns,
vowel replacement rules, and other strategies. We have some terms like “compound”
and “derivative” which have standard definitions. But I’ve
seen lots of examples of complex forms that used a combination of roots and
derivational affixes. So there are no neat categories. Your examples illustrate
a number of strategies. Any time a complex form contains two or more words, we
would generally call it a lexical phrase or multi-word expression (MWE). But
you have examples of MWEs that contain compounds and reduplicated forms. So
these complex forms are built using more than one strategy. In such cases it is
fruitless from a theoretical perspective to try to label them. However in
a practical dictionary users may need a label. The general practice is to label
anything with more than one word a “phrase” of some type. Any
single word with more than one root is labeled a “compound”. Any
word with a single root and one or more derivational affixes is labeled a
“derivative”. Other than these cases, the labeling gets tricky. You
could use the term “reduplicated root” for ghanaghana. The term “phrasal
verb” is used for a phrase that contains a verb and some sort of
particle. In English it is used of a verb plus preposition such as “think
up”. But a verb-adjective phrase like “think high” would not
be called a phrasal verb.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>There are theories of the lexicon (e.g.
Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar) that view the lexicon and grammar as a
large continuum between morphemes on the simple end to grammatical patterns on
the complex end. Grammatical patterns, such as a clause structure, are seen as
the same sort of thing as lexemes, except they are less specified. Languages
are full of set phrases of various types. An example in English is “the
X-er, the Y-er” as in “The more, the merrier,” and “The
bigger they come, the harder they fall.” In the formula “the X-er,
the Y-er” the “X” and “Y” can be filled with a
comparative adjective or some sort of phrase that contains a comparative
adjective. Such a formula is not specified for lexical content. It has a
general form and a general meaning that can be described.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>The more you study the lexicon of a
language, the more examples you will discover that follow particular patterns.
(Notice that the last sentence is of the “the X-er, the Y-er”
type.) One task of the lexicographer/grammarian is to identify the lexical and
grammatical patterns of the language, including word forming patterns and lexico-grammatical
phrase forming patterns. English has many examples of the verb + preposition “phrasal
verb” pattern. But it has many other patterns. It has an adverb +
quantity.adjective pattern, such as “not many,” “very little,”
“hardly any.” It has idiom-like phrases that include an unspecified
possessive pronoun, such as “stub my/your/his toe”. This in turn is
part of an even less specified formula verb(strike) + poss.pro + noun(body.part),
such as “hit my head” or “banged his elbow”.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>So I would recommend that you study the
patterns in your language. You will have to decide what patterns (or examples
of patterns) you want to include in your dictionary and what patterns should be
handled in your grammar, recognizing of course that there is not a sharp
distinction between “lexemes” and “grammatical
structures”. The general principle for inclusion in the dictionary or
grammar is what your users would expect and be able to understand. You will
also have to develop a set of terms to label the various structures. In your
examples I see what appear to be the following:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>verb + verb<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/bere ghilaghana/ v. 'recognise; lit. see know'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
dea/ v. 'consider; lit. think go'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
lubathi/ v. 'forget; lit. think leave'<br>
/talu ghilaghana/ v. '"tag"; attach an identifying mark on a chicken
(foot / wing) to indicate ownership; lit. put know'<br>
<br>
<font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>verb + adj<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
bule-kaghini/ v. 'think carelessly; lit. think crazy-CAUS'<br>
/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
mava/ v. 'respect; lit. think heavy'<br>
/ghanaghana doku/ v. 'think hard'<br>
<br>
<font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>verb + prep/adv<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
iti/ v. 'respect; lit. think up/high'<br>
/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
le/ v. 'forget; lit. think purposelessly'<br>
<br>
<font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>verb + num<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
ruka/ v. 'doubt; lit. think two [times], twice'<br>
<br>
<font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>complete reduplication<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/ghanaghana/ n. 'thought, opinion'<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Plus you have combinations:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>complete reduplication, num + verb<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/ruka ghanaghana/ v. 'reconsider, think twice'<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>You also have longer phrases that probably
(but not necessarily) fit general grammatical structures:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>
sapa longa/ v. 'think comprehensively; lit. think seaward landward'<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>I seriously doubt that your structures will
correspond to the labels that we use for English (e.g. phrasal verb). I have
pretty much given up on trying to label complex form types because there are
just too many. I think the terms “derivative”
“compound” and “phrase” (or “idiom”) are
well enough understood by the general populace to be used in a popular
dictionary. Beyond that and you run the risk of being too technical. It is
always good to test your users to see what they can understand and profit from.
An entry such as the following could work:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/ghilaghana/ (compound of ghila + <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>) v. Know; know how [to do
s.t.].<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>But I think only a serious student would
bother to find out what “comp. redup.” means:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>/ghanaghana/ (comp. redup. of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">ghana</st1:country-region></st1:place>) n. Thought, opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>In FieldWorks you can link complex forms to
their roots. Then you can configure your dictionary to output entries, such as
the two above, that indicate the root(s) of complex forms. You can also
configure the dictionary to provide labels such as “compound” or
“comp. redup.” In FieldWorks these labels are called “Complex
Form Types”. These labels are different than the grammatical category
labels, such as “verb” and “noun”. A label such as
“compound” indicates the internal structure of the complex form. A
grammatical category label indicates the morphological potential and syntactic
function of a word. For instance the grammatical category “mass
noun” indicates that a word, such as “milk”, functions
syntactically like other nouns. The “mass” part of the label
indicates that “milk” does not take the plural suffix. For this reason
many dictionaries do not give phrases a grammatical category label. (English
has some orthographic phrases, such as “of course”, that function
as single words, and can therefore be given a grammatical category.) All these
linguistic issues have to be worked out for each language and we, as
lexicographers, have to make decisions about how to handle them in our
dictionaries.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>lengosi<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Sunday, May 30, 2010 10:27
PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] roots, stems,
idioms, & phrases in an Oceanic language</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>I'm plugging away at a lexicon for an Oceanic language
and I've found myself in a bit of a muddle... I've been using something called
the Dictionary Development Program to gather 'words' (and FieldWorks to work
with the data), and much of the data are clearly compound words or idioms /
phrases. Sometimes I think I know what I'm doing in terms of roots and stems,
idioms and phrases, and I happily forge ahead, but there are other times I haul
back on the reins and wonder if I've really got it straight. This is one of
those 'other times'...<br>
<br>
Here's a short example concerning the word /ghana/:<br>
/bere ghilaghana/ v. 'recognise; lit. see know'<br>
/ghana/ v. 'think'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
bule-kaghini/ v. 'think carelessly; lit. think crazy-CAUS'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
dea/ v. 'consider; lit. think go'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
iti/ v. 'respect; lit. think up/high'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
le/ v. 'forget; lit. think purposelessly'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
lubathi/ v. 'forget; lit. think leave'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
mava/ v. 'respect; lit. think heavy'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
ruka/ v. 'doubt; lit. think two [times], twice'<br>
/<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ghana</st1:place></st1:country-region>
sapa longa/ v. 'think comprehensively; lit. think seaward landward'<br>
/ghanaghana/ n. 'thought, opinion'<br>
/ghanaghana doku/ v. 'think hard'<br>
/ghanaghana kasuni/ v. 'think before acting'<br>
/ghanaghini/ v. 'remember'<br>
/ghilaghana/ v. 'know, know how [to do s.t.]'<br>
/ruka ghanaghana/ v. 'reconsider, think twice'<br>
/talu ghilaghana/ v. '"tag"; attach an identifying mark on a chicken
(foot / wing) to indicate ownership; lit. put know'<br>
<br>
I think it would be safe to call /ghana/ a root, and something like
/ghanaghana/ a stem (full and partial reduplication are used for both N > V
and V > N derivation [among other things]), but things get muddled after that...
How do you discern a compound from an idiom from a phrase / phrasal verb? <br>
<br>
Of course, as in many other Oceanic languages, there tends to be a lot of
reduplication to indicate things like intensity, plurality, etc., but I've
tried not to include such forms in the lexicon. But with something like the
verb /ruka ghanaghana/ 'reconsider', it looks like the /ghanaghana/ part is
reduplicated for plurality rather than V > N derivation.<br>
<br>
Well, any clarity you could add to my muddle would be most welcome! Thanks,<br>
<br>
Paul<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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