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<title>I’ve been working with lexical relations and semantic domains for
over ten years, analyzing the relationship between words, classifying them into
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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>I’ve been working with lexical
relations and semantic domains for over ten years, analyzing the relationship
between words, classifying them into domains and lexical sets, and puzzling
over odd words. The concept of lexical relations is a very useful one, but
I’ve found that it is also one that can be misleading.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Lexical relations are used to indicate the
relationship of words in a dictionary. We use them in cross-references. It is
nice to indicate the relationship more precisely than just a plain cross-reference:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>complementary antonym:</span></i>
sow<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>(or)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>gender pair:</span></i> sow<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>(or)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>female: </span></i>sow<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>(or)<b><span style='font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>cf.</span></i> sow<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>(or)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>see:</span></i> sow <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>‘female pig’</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>The question for me is what is most helpful
for the user. For a “popular” dictionary I would prefer the last
example above as a way of indicating lexical relation cross-references. As
linguists we may like our technical terminology. But I don’t think they
are always so helpful to our users. FieldWorks enables us to do it all. FieldWorks
enables you to indicate the technical term for the lexical relation in your
database and export it for publication. FieldWorks also enables you to indicate
the technical term in the database, but export the dictionary with a generic “cf.”
or “see” with or without a gloss for the cross-referenced lexeme. You
can produce any of the formats above or even:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue;font-weight:bold'>boar</span></font></b><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>n</span></i>.
male pig. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>complementary antonym:</span></i> sow
<i><span style='font-style:italic'>‘female pig’</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>I might choose such a format in a technical
bilingual dictionary.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Lexical relations are also used to analyze
derivational affixes. The root:derivative relationship is often, but not
always, a lexical relation. Being able to label the lexical relation helps in
describing the morphology and glossing/defining derivational affixes.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Lexical relations are also used to help in
analyzing semantic patterns. For instance Robert Hedinger and Richard Gravina
mention “complementary antonym”. Richard mentioned the test “If
not X then Y.” If “complementary antonym” is a viable lexical
relation, then there should be patterns of syntactic and semantic behavior that
are shared by all members of the lexical relation. Similarly “gradable
antonyms”, such as big:small, should fit in frames such as “very
(big)” and “neither big nor small, but in between” (compare: *very
male; *neither male nor female, but in between). Examples of the
“converse” relation fit the frame “John sold the bicycle to
David,” and (with the same referential meaning) “David bought the
bicycle from John.” For a lexical relation to be valid there should be a
set of frames and tests that can be applied to all examples of the lexical
relation. So if you are going to develop a list of lexical relations for your
language, you should develop your own list of tests and frames for each lexical
relation that is valid for the language. You can’t just borrow a standard
list, although a standard list is a nice place to start.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>One of the problems with lexical relations
is that many pairs of words are obviously related, but the relationship is not
one of the standard lexical relations (e.g. rain:umbrella, rain:rainbow). So
our standard lists of lexical relations are insufficient to describe all the
relationships between lexemes in the mental lexicon. That doesn’t mean
the concept is invalid or unhelpful. It’s merely inadequate.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>Ron Moe<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com [mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>lengosi<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Monday, February 27, 2012
1:18 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Lexicog] Re: lexical
relation for boar - sow?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=ygrp-mlmsg>
<div style='z-index:1' id=ygrp-msg>
<div id=ygrp-text>
<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Thanks for the explanation of different kinds of
antonyms, Richard. I found that helpful. I guess it works to a certain extent
for the pair boar and sow. But on the other hand: if not sow then {boar |
barrow (neutered male) | gilt (female that has not given birth)}... There seem
to be too many options for them to be complementary antonyms (which you
described as a 'pair' relationship). As I think of it 'gender pair' also seems
to be limited in this regard. Ron, you're right--this is a mess! Is
'counterpart' too loose to describe their relationship? It seems to have the
advantage of not being limited to a pair.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
--- In <a href="mailto:lexicographylist%40yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</a>,
"Richard Gravina" <Richard-Sue_Gravina@...> wrote:<br>
><br>
> Complementary antonyms express oppositions where the denial of one member
of the pair implies the assertion of the other member. If not X then Y. Some
examples in English are: alive and dead, male and female, open and shut, relinquish
and retain. If a person is not dead they are alive; if a person is not male
they are female, and so on. Other types of antonyms are Gradable antonyms (big
and small) and Converse (buy and sell).<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Boar and sow fit well as Complementary antonyms, as Robert says.<br>
> <br>
> Richard<br>
> <br>
> From: Robert Hedinger <br>
> Sent: Saturday, February 25, 2012 3:58 PM<br>
> To: <a href="mailto:lexicographylist%40yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</a>
<br>
> Subject: Re: [Lexicog] lexical relation for boar - sow?<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Some linguists call these Complementary antonyms.<br>
> <br>
> Robert<br>
> <br>
> From: lengosi <br>
> Sent: Saturday, 25 February, 2012 5:29<br>
> To: <a href="mailto:lexicographylist%40yahoogroups.com">lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com</a>
<br>
> Subject: [Lexicog] lexical relation for boar - sow?<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Is there a widely accepted lexical relation to describe male-female pairs
of animals (e.g., boar and sow)? They seem to be (co)hyponyms of some sort;
probably not antonyms. Specifics of a Generic (pig)?<br>
> <br>
> Well, I'll make an end of showing my ignorance. ;-) Thanks for any
guidance,<br>
> <br>
> Paul<br>
><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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