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<div dir="ltr"><div>Many Algonquian languages have Wackernagel particles, some quite a number, but they are as much about focus as anything pragmatic. That's because there's no contrastive stress. In the language I know best (Ojibwe), focus, old/new information, and pragmatics are parceled out between word order and particles. No one has fully studied this, but Conor Quinn presented an interesting paper in which he claimed -- and I think he's right -- the functions are identical between languages even though in many cases the particles are not cognate. <br>
<br></div>Rich Rhodes<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jun 12, 2013 at 1:05 PM, Hayim Sheynin <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:hayim.sheynin@gmail.com" target="_blank">hayim.sheynin@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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<span style="font-weight:700;font-size:12px;display:block;margin-bottom:20px">[<a style="text-decoration:none" href="#13f39fe39702db6b_TopText">Attachment(s)</a> from Hayim Sheynin included below]</span>
<p></p><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>Dear Fritz,<br><br></div>Make a search on Google or Wikipedia of the kind<br><Greek modal particle> and you will get a big variety<br>
</div>of the items, some with the reference to research<br></div>works. You can do the same interchanging the name of<br></div>language in the search. Yes, as far as I know most of<br></div>ancient languages of various families had this kind of particles<br>
</div>or acquired them in the process of language contacts. Both<br></div>the number and the character (modal meaning) of these particles<br></div>varies in different languages and create definite problems<br></div>for translators. For example, most of Russian translations from<br>
</div>classical Greek tend to ignore such particles. In different<br></div>languages of the same genetic group there is completely<br></div>different situation in relation to modal particles. E.g. they are<br></div>relatively abundant in Greek, Arabic and Amharic, but almost<br>
</div>non existent in Latin, Hebrew and Aramaic.<br><br></div>Thank you for Bavarian picture.<br><br></div>Dr. Hayim Y. Sheynin<br><br></div>P.S. I attach one of my latest articles published in Hamburg <br></div>I have in electronic copy only pre-publication text, but the<br>
</div>book already appeared in Baar Verlag.<br><div><div> <br></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jun 12, 2013 at 1:32 PM, Dr. Fritz Goerling <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:fritz.goerling@yahoo.de" target="_blank">fritz.goerling@yahoo.de</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left:1px #ccc solid">
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</p><div><font face="Calibri">
<div><font face="Calibri">Here you can find good examples of how in English the
function of German modal particles can be expressed:</font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri"></font> </div>
<div><font face="Calibri"><a title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_modal_particle
STRG + Klicken, um Verknüpfung zu folgen">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_modal_particle</a></font></div></font></div>
<div style="FONT:10pt Tahoma">
<div><br></div>
<div style="BACKGROUND:#f5f5f5">
<div><b>From:</b> <a title="fritz.goerling@yahoo.de" href="mailto:fritz.goerling@yahoo.de" target="_blank">Dr. Fritz Goerling</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, June 12, 2013 7:25 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com" href="mailto:lexicographylist@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">yahoogroups lexicographylist</a>
</div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> Shading particles or modal particles (Abtöningspartikel in
German)</div></div></div><div><div>
<div><br></div>
<div><font face="Calibri">Do you know of any studies on shading particles (modal
particles) in English, French, Spanish and biblical Hebrew and Greek
?</font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri">German has more of them than many other languages in
which the function of these particles is expressed by other pragmatic
means.</font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri"></font> </div>
<div><font face="Calibri"><a title="http://books.google.de/books/about/Abt%C3%B6nung.html?id=rJ9zdx710BkC&redir_esc=y
STRG + Klicken, um Verknüpfung zu folgen" href="http://books.google.de/books/about/Abt%C3%B6nung.html?id=rJ9zdx710BkC&redir_esc=y" target="_blank">http://books.google.de/books/about/Abt%C3%B6nung.html?id=rJ9zdx710BkC&redir_esc=y</a></font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri"></font> </div>
<div><font face="Calibri"><a title="http://www.etymologie.info/~e/d_/de-partik.html
STRG + Klicken, um Verknüpfung zu folgen" href="http://www.etymologie.info/~e/d_/de-partik.html" target="_blank">http://www.etymologie.info/~e/d_/de-partik.html</a></font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri"></font> </div>
<div><font face="Calibri">Fritz Goerling</font></div>
<div><font face="Calibri"></font> </div>
</div></div><p></p>
</div><div><div>
<div style="color:#fff"></div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br></div>
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<div style="color:#fff;min-height:0"></div>
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</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><pre><font size="4"><span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><span>Richard A. Rhodes
Associate Dean, Undergraduate Division
College of Letters and Science
206 Evans #2924
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720</span></span></font></pre></div>
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