[lg policy] (no subject)

Sat Sep 3 15:02:06 UTC 2016

Multilingualism is vital for an inclusive EU - researchers
30 August 2016
by Sophie Hebden
<http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vital-inclusive-eu-researchers_en.html#>
<http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vital-inclusive-eu-researchers_en.html#>
<http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vital-inclusive-eu-researchers_en.html#>
<http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vital-inclusive-eu-researchers_en.html#>
<http://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vital-inclusive-eu-researchers_en.html#>
  [image: Inline image 1] <http://horizon-magazine.eu/printpdf/2682> [image:
Inline image 2]
People with weak foreign language skills may not be able to fully engage in
European society. Image credit: Pixabay/ keijj44

*While most of us have experienced the frustration of not being able to
join in with a conversation because we don’t understand what’s being said,
weak foreign language skills can also prevent people from fully engaging in
European society, particularly if they are poor. *

That’s the conclusion of researchers who are studying the link between
multilingualism and social cohesion, and who say that multilingualism is
vital for an inclusive EU.
The Issue

In 2002, the EU’s heads of states agreed that they would work to enable all
European citizens to speak two languages
<http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/strategic-framework/index_en.htm> as
well as their own mother tongue.

It was driven by the idea that foreign language skills make people more
employable and build bridges between different cultures, leading to a more
inclusive society.

In 2016 and 2017, more than EUR 200 million
<http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5832_en.htm> of Horizon 2020
funding has been allocated to research projects that promote inclusive,
innovative and reflective societies.

Europe has a huge array of languages. There are 24 official languages in
the EU and three working languages – English, French and German – but this
still excludes the approximately 60 minority languages that are mother
tongue for some 40 million European citizens.

Dr Michele Gazzola, who is based at the Humboldt University, Germany, and
has worked on the EU-funded LAPO project, says language skills across
Europe are often overestimated. He has estimated how many Europeans would
be adversely affected if the EU's official language policy
<http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm>
was changed to include fewer languages to save on costs, as is sometimes
proposed in the press and academic circles.

Using data from adult education surveys carried out across 25 EU countries
and published by Eurostat in 2013 (over 160 000 observations), he found
that about one-quarter of residents do not speak any English, German or
French, only half can understand English, and only 20 % can speak it as a
mother tongue or proficiently as a foreign language.

The main finding of the study is that a more restricted language policy
would have a greater impact on the poor, as they would be less likely to
understand EU communications than richer citizens. When examining
respondents classified by age, language skill, income status and education
level, Dr Gazzola found that economically and socially disadvantaged
individuals are less likely to speak foreign languages.

‘They are therefore more likely to be adversely affected if the EU stops
using their native languages,’ said Dr Gazzola.

The results vary from country to country. For example, in Italy, people in
the top 10 % income bracket are twice as likely to speak English as a
foreign language than those in the bottom 10 % income bracket. In France,
about three-quarters of people in the top 10 % income bracket speak some
basic English, whereas only a third of people in the lowest 10 % income
bracket do.

Dr Gazzola says the idea of the research is to help the EU make informed
decisions on language policy, an issue he considers particularly important
in the current political environment.

‘It has never been as urgent as now for the EU to be close to its citizens
by using their native languages and to prevent fuelling Eurosceptics and
populist movements further,' he said. 'Avoiding the elitist temptation has
never been so important.’

*Mobility*

Another factor that can work against social inclusion is when people move
to a new country where they don't speak the language.

Freedom of movement gives EU citizens access to the whole EU labour market,
as well as the option to move to another country for study or retirement.
But with increased mobility comes new challenges of inclusion within a host
community.

‘Having more mobility for European citizens and providing a context
encouraging inclusion into the local language and culture is a challenge
that needs to be addressed as a public policy question,’ said Professor
François Grin from the University of Geneva, Switzerland.

He is coordinating the EU-funded MIME project, which is exploring how
language policy can be harnessed to preserve mobility within the EU without
compromising on inclusion. The aim is to maximise both, at all levels and
scales of society.

The project is drawing on specialists from different backgrounds to
investigate a wide range of area-specific issues, including minority
rights, migrant integration, second language education, and communication
strategies.

‘(Poor people) are more likely to be adversely affected if the EU stops
using their native languages.’

Dr Michele Gazzola, Humboldt University, Germany

Across these issues, trade-offs can arise between mobility and inclusion,
since these two goals may pull in opposite directions. The core goal of the
research is to study how language policy can help strike the best possible
balance between them, and to see how novel approaches to linguistic
diversity can help increase the compatibility between mobility and
inclusion.

For example, increasing bilingual education in schools could enhance
language exposure and therefore make inclusion easier, while also equipping
learners with key assets for mobility without sacrificing on time spent
teaching other subjects.

Prof. Grin says the meaning of mobility and inclusion are being challenged
by globalisation and its political consequences.

‘Across Europe we can eat more diverse foods and access a greater variety
of cultural products and identities than our grandparents ever could have.
At the same time, the unifying forces of globalisation are homogenising our
lifestyles, and small languages are disappearing. Diversity management
policy serves to define more precisely how we can deal with this increasing
complexity to ensure that (the EU) can take these new challenges in its
stride.’

He says the changes in linguistic environment tend to be particularly
difficult for socio-economically fragile populations to countenance. ‘This
is another reason why diversity policy work is important: it serves to help
groups for whom adaptation to rapidly changing circumstances can be
especially challenging.’

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