<html>
David Berreby (<font size=2><i>NY TIMES</i></font> 27 May) raises an
important issue : "Languages, being in continual flux, are refueled
everyday". A note attached below : 'Language endangerment and
organic plurality' presented at a recent UNESCO meeting, argues the case
on similar lines. Comments welcome.<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab><x-tab> </x-tab>Lachman
Khubchandani<br><br>
International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme:<br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica">Safeguarding of the Endangered
Languages<br>
Paris, March 2003<br><br>
<div align="center">LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND
ORGANIC PLURALITY: <br>
Role of New Information and
Communication Technologies<br><br>
Lachman M. Khubchandani<br>
Centre for Communication Studies <br>
Sindhu Documentation Centre, Pune<br><br>
</div>
With a rapid penetration of mass media and information technology in all
walks of life, a new <i>linguistic order </i>is emerging on the global
scene. It drastically affects the role of languages whether
perceived as 'big' or 'small', 'strong' or 'weak', 'developed' or
'developing' languages alike. By and large, new technologies can be
instrumental in creating new avenues for the speakers of both 'majority'
languages as well as of 'minority' languages of living in a plural
world. <br>
One significant casuality of this development has been
<i>monolingualism</i> in specific regions. The monopoly of one language
dictating the concerns of a speech group or of a nation is on the way
out, or atleast it gets considerably diluted. Multi-channels and
multilingual inputs in mass media on a massive scale lead us to consider
afresh the conceptual basis of information society. Heterogeneous media
threaten the <i>autonomous</i> functioning of different languages.
Multi-channels provide individuals in a community a greater access
to diversified language-choice and its
content.<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Current
debates over language endangerment acquire a greater salience under the
premise that language is a ‘ripened’ ‘standard’ entity, a crystallized
<i>being </i>insulated within ‘well-defined’ enclosures. No doubt,
economic and commercial factors of globalization tilt the balance in
favor of stable ‘ripened’ languages, dominating the <i>physical
</i>space, such as English on the electronic media (particularly in
international forums and regional confederations like the European
Union), being perceived as the <i>killer </i>language. (Fishman 1998,
Khubchandani 1998). But at the same time, human interactions conducted
through demographically and economically 'weaker' languages can assert
their utility in less glamorous, but vital, domains known as the
<i>communitarian </i>space (predominantly in oral interactions).
Interactive technologies in the <i>cyber </i>space can also be utilized
as a force for diversity, ushering in a new era of <i>living
together</i>.<br>
</font>In a classical paradigm of power, a continuum of linguistic
heterogeneity in a region is marked by dominant ‘stable’ languages at one
end of the spectrum and marginalized languages generally belonging to
oral traditions at the other end; languages cultivated by literate
societies, supported by modern technology, show a general tendency to
encroach upon the space hitherto occupied by oral societies where
language functions remain fluid in a fuzzy reality. The reduction in
functions of many minority languages and their subordinate/complementary
roles in society is viewed in this light with great concern. These are
taken as indicators of language extinction. “By some counts, only 600 of
the 6000 or so languages in the world are ‘safe’ from the threat of
extinction. By some reckonings, the world will, by the end of the
twenty-first century, be dominated by a small number of major languages”
(Crystal 2000).<br>
During past one decade there has been an increase in the tempo of many
agencies, governmental and non-governmental, in creating awareness in the
society in general and particularly among the policy makers, for
supporting various conservation activities to safeguard the endangered
languages. In this sequence, efforts initiated through the UNESCO are of
the special significance, generating many studies which can be identified
as ‘conservation linguistics’. <br>
At the same time, one cannot ignore that “a living language, with its
openness, undergoes perpetual change along with usage, just as reality
changes.” One can point out to the Indian communication ethos,
characterized by organic ‘grassroots’ plurality where language functions
remain <i>fluid</i> and language boundaries, by and large, serve as
markers to construct the fussy reality (Khubchandani 1997).<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Viewed in
the light of the two extremes the <i>universal</i> and the
<i>particular </i> the theory of Language Development
questions the ‘well-defined’ enclosures of <i>being</i>
conceived around normative entities (such as obsession with
concretized ‘standard’ languages in technological societies). These
concerns direct our attention to the creative role of tentativeness,
transaction and fluidity characterizing speech and to the issues of
self-organization of speech as an ongoing process of
<i>becoming</i>.<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Historical
developments in redrawing the binds and bounds of language make it
evident that a particular code need to be looked into the Wittgensteinian
mould of ‘transientness’ which jellies as a space-and time-bound reality
in cross-cultural settings; such as High Hindi and High Urdu crystallized
from the malleable Khariboli base, as an expression of conflicting
political and cultural identities; similarly Serbian/Croatian in
erstwhile Yugoslav Confederate, and Bahasa Indonesia/Bahasa Malaysia in
South-east Asia (emerging from a common base Malay) as expressions of
‘sovereign’ identities. These strategies available to plural societies
can be of immense help in adjusting ‘living’ languages relevant to new
tasks. There are instances where language traditions are visualized
differensly so as to meet with the demands of <i>identity</i> in changing
times.<br><br>
Professor of Linguistics<br>
Consultant, C-DAC<br>
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing<br>
Director, Centre for Communication Studies<br>
270 Sindh Society, Ganesh Khind<br>
Pune 411007 INDIA<br><br>
Ph: 091-20-5885315,5890188<br><br>
e-mail: sindhdoc@vsnl.net<br>
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