<h1 class="title">Genes might help you learn Chinese</h1>
<div class="news-date">Tuesday, 29 May 2007</div>
<div class="byline">Hamish Clarke</div>
<div class="left-strapline">Cosmos Online </div>
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<div class="caption">New research suggests that genes might play a role in learning tonal languages like Chinese </div>
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<h2 class="title">SYDNEY: Healthy babies can learn any language, but new research suggests that genes might play a part in learning tonal languages like Chinese.</h2></div></div>
<p>Dan Dediu and Robert Ladd from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland found a genetic difference between people who speak tonal languages – such as Chinese and most languages of sub-Saharan Africa – and those who speak non-tonal languages like English.
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<p>"Our work raises the possibility of taking a new look at the relation between genes and language," said Ladd, reporting in the U.S. journal <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. </p>
<p>The language each person speaks has traditionally been considered an entirely cultural trait, determined no more by genes than religious beliefs or musical preferences. As evidence, scientists point to the fact that regardless of ancestry, any normal baby learns the languages it hears during its early years.
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<p><b>Don't take that tone with me</b></p>
<p>But now Dediu and Ladd believe they may have found the first evidence that genes are involved in acquisition of specific language types. In tonal languages, subtle changes in pitch can radically alter the meaning of a word. So a non-native Chinese speaker enquiring after the health of someone's mother might easily enquire about the wellbeing of their horse instead. In non-tonal languages this is not the case, although tone is still used to express emotion, convey sarcasm or indicate a question.
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<p>Dediu and Ladd examined published data on 49 distinct populations from around the world, looking for the distribution of two genes for brain development: ASPM and Microcephalin. They then searched for correlations between different forms of each gene and 26 different linguistic features. The authors found that there is generally no link between genes and linguistic features, but a strong negative correlation emerged between speakers of tonal languages and recently evolved forms of ASPM and Microcephalin. That is, people with the older forms of these genes were more likely to speak tonal languages, even when biases for geography and history were removed.
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<p><b>Genes, Language and Society </b></p>
<p>Ladd believes that discovering a causal link between population genetics and language structure would be big news, but says he and Dediu haven't found that link yet. "We've just demonstrated some very unlikely correlations that suggest there
<i>might</i> be such a link." As science uncovers more about specific genetic influences, "society is ... going to have to start dealing with a lot of policy questions that have only been theoretical up till now," said Ladd. He cites research on the genetic influences over dyslexia as one example. Should parents, educators or speech pathologists be given access to a child's genetic information in this case?
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<p>Bruce Lahn, a geneticist from the University of Chicago, published the dataset on ASPM and Microcephalin on which Dediu and Ladd's work is partly based. "The work is highly significant if confirmed," Lahn said. "It is, to my knowledge, the first attempt to relate linguistic features, traditionally considered to be purely cultural, with a possible genetic contribution." The authors hope that future experiments will reveal the path by which ASPM and Microcephalin exert their influence on individual brains, and ultimately, on the preferences of entire populations for different types of language.
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