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<td align="right"><font size="-1">From the issue dated November 3, 2006</font></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>In Rural America, Few People Harvest 4-Year Degrees</h3>
<p><b>Big Bend Community College tries to improve college enrollment and fight poverty as its area's minority population grows</b></p>
<p class="byline"><font size="-1">By SARA HEBEL</font></p>
<p class="dateline"><font size="-1">Mattawa, Wash.</font></p>
<p>This wide, arid expanse of central Washington State is filled with rolling rows of alfalfa, potatoes, and other crops, irrigated by the Columbia River and its tributaries. Most of the fields have been harvested now but, in the orchards, apples are ripe for the picking. The region's close ties to the land and to the seasonal cycles of agriculture have long shaped its economy, which, in turn, has defined its educational landscape. As in many rural parts of the country, that picture is often bleak. Compared with the nation as a whole, few jobs here require bachelor's degrees, and few residents have earned them. Poverty rates are high. For many residents, the prospect of attending college seems remote.
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<p>In Mattawa, a town of about 3,300 people tucked amid orchards, vineyards, and fields at the southwestern edge of Grant County, the school district's classrooms are swelling this fall as migrant families fill the town for the apple harvest. School administrators are trying to help their students with reading, vocabulary, and other basic academic skills, despite a language barrier. For more than half of the students here, Spanish is their first language. More than four-fifths qualify for federal free or reduced-price lunch programs, and the students are often expected to contribute to their families' incomes. Many of their parents never graduated from high school, much less attended college, and the students are unfamiliar with the application process for admissions or financial aid. Many are reluctant to travel far from home; the nearest public colleges — Big Bend Community College, Yakima Valley Community College, and Columbia Basin College, and Central Washington University — are all about an hour's drive away.
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<p>Across Grant County, only about one in eight adults hold bachelor's degrees. Residents' average annual per-capita income is close to $17,700, about 34 percent below the statewide average.</p>
<p>Administrators at Big Bend Community College — which includes Mattawa in its service area — are trying to reach beyond the nearly 2,700 students enrolled there, to attract both traditional-age students and adults by persuading them of the economic benefits of a college education. But many residents must struggle to carve out the time and money needed for a degree, or for work-force-training programs, as they juggle jobs and raising children.
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<p>Across the nation, rural populations as a whole have consistently lagged behind the rest of the country in the proportion of adults holding bachelor's degrees. The gap has widened slightly in the past decade, according to the
U.S Department of Agriculture. In 2000, 15.5 percent of adults living outside of metropolitan areas held bachelor's degrees, compared with 26.6 percent of adults in metropolitan areas.</p>
<p>Robert M. Gibbs, a regional economist in the Agriculture Department, says many rural economies are beginning to slowly broaden beyond their historic roots in occupations like farming and mining. But those areas, from Appalachia and the Deep South to the Great Plains and Southwest, still do not tend to offer the social or physical amenities needed to support rapid growth in the number of knowledge-based jobs.
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<p>Compared with the rest of the nation, Mr. Gibbs says, "they're not really catching up."</p>
<p>Most rural populations have few colleges nearby, leaving residents without the broad array of academic programs available to residents of more densely populated urban and suburban areas.</p>
<p>The city of Seattle alone contains three public community colleges, the University of Washington, and 10 private institutions. Students there can take programs in subjects as varied as boat making, hotel-restaurant management, and culinary arts, says José A. Esparza, coordinator of student recruitment and outreach at Big Bend. His two-year college, whose service area covers 4,600 square miles, offers 20 associate-degree programs and 13 certificate programs. But it does not provide offerings in some fields that students often request, like dental hygiene, forensics, and interior design.
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<p>"Sometimes students will have to change what they want to do to fit with what we have," he says.</p>
<p><b>Barriers to Preparation</b></p>
<p>In rural Washington, one of the challenges in improving the college-going rate materializes at public elementary and secondary schools. Over the past 15 years, Mattawa, for example, has seen rapid growth in its Hispanic population. At the town's Wahluke High School, the racial composition of the student body has gone from about 80 percent white to 20 percent Hispanic in the early 1990s to the reverse proportion now.
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<p>Gary Greene, superintendent of the Wahluke School District, is focused on raising his students' reading skills and college ambitions at an early age. Every morning three second-graders show up at his office to read him their favorite books. He makes sure that reading is taught for 90 minutes per day from kindergarten through the eighth grade. By the 10th grade, he notes, the district's students have begun to show marked improvements in their standardized-test scores in reading.
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<p>But progress is slow. Mr. Greene struggles to compete with more densely populated communities for good teachers who can speak Spanish. And gaps in attendance among the district's migrant children, who make up more than one-third of the students, lead them to lose much of what they learn. Mr. Greene himself jumped in and out of schools as a youth, as part of a migrant family that followed fruit and other crop harvests around the state.
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<p>The migrant life can also limit the college dreams of students. Esteban Cabrera, an intervention specialist at Wahluke High School who grew up as a migrant worker, says those students who are not legal residents especially believe they do not have much of an educational future. What's more, they may not have top grades — in part because of their inconsistent attendance — and they are ineligible for federal and state financial aid for college.
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<p>"Some students are really bummed out about that and ask, What's the use of me graduating?" he says.</p>
<p>Mr. Cabrera understands some of this struggle. When he was young, every fall his work in the harvest would lead him to arrive at school a month late, and each spring he would rise at 1 a.m. to help cut asparagus so he could attend school. He was always behind, always tired, and his grade-point average suffered.
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<p>Even so, he was determined to pursue a college degree. But, like many of his students now, "I wasn't sure how to go about doing that," he recalls. Eventually he found his way to Yakima Valley Community College. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree at Central Washington and a master's degree in education at Heritage University, a private institution near Yakima.
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<p>Now Mr. Cabrera wants to convince his students that there is a path to higher education for them, too. He points students to private scholarships and makes sure they consider short-term vocational programs and community colleges, which tend to be less costly than four-year colleges. Only 28 percent of the senior class in 2004-5 (the most recent figure available) went on to four-year colleges, but 44 percent of the graduates planned to enroll at community colleges.
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<p>Dale Hedman, Wahluke's principal, says he tries to make the economic significance of going to college clear: "We're trying to say to them, This is your ticket away from the orchard."</p>
<p><b>Connecting to the Economy</b></p>
<p>The ability of higher education to open doors to better-paying jobs is also central to what Big Bend counselors and administrators promote as they seek to recruit greater numbers of the region's adults and traditional-age college students.
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<p>Patrick Kelly, a senior associate at the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, says such a message is crucial for institutions in rural communities to communicate if they hope to draw more students and better serve their regions. One of the main barriers to college attainment in rural populations is that many adults who earn a GED never go beyond that high-school-equivalency degree.
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<p>Before being able to take college courses for credit, those adults often need to pay for at least a year of remedial study, he says. "That just starts to add up," he says, "and is perceived as being too long of a road to finish."
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<p>He cites one program offered at Big Bend, and elsewhere in Washington, as having promise for both attracting and retaining more residents who have not traditionally pursued higher education. It seeks to help the state's immigrant populations by allowing them to learn English as well as a trade, like welding or commercial driving, simultaneously. The skills are taught in the same classrooms during an intensive, 10- or 11-week program.
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<p>"We are seeing a population that otherwise would not walk through our doors," says Sandy Cheek, Big Bend's director of basic skills. The integrated programs are drawing many male Hispanic adults, who have been underrepresented at the college, she says. More than one in five students at the college are Hispanic, compared with almost 37 percent of the population of the counties that Big Bend serves.
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<p>Jose Cortes says the opportunity to learn English and gain a commercial driver's license was appealing because it held out the hope of a better life for him, his wife, and their three children.</p>
<p>"I wanted to take a better job, and I was tired of working in the orchards," says Mr. Cortes, 38, an immigrant from Mexico, where he had gained a sixth-grade-level education. After completing the program, he landed a job driving trucks and operating other equipment for a construction company.
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<p>He earns about $2,300 per month, more than twice what he made in the orchards. "We can buy toys, clothes, and everything," he says. "This is the life that I seek."</p>
<p>Across the state, the integrated program's students have earned an average of five times more college credits than English-language learners in traditional programs. They were 15 times as likely to complete their work-force training and earn certificates.
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<p>At Big Bend, 93 percent of the 29 students enrolled in the integrated commercial-driving program in 2004-5 completed it and gained certification, while none of the English-language learners in the traditional programs did so. Thirty-four percent of the integrated program's students made both reading and listening gains in their English skills, almost twice as many as those in more-traditional programs.
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<p>The shortened time frame and practical nature of the integrated program, says Ms. Cheek, make it "a really viable next step for them to take."</p>
<p>In deciding what vocations to offer through the integrated program, Big Bend administrators say they wanted to train residents in jobs that are available in the area and in occupations in which residents could envision themselves. Even though the region could use more nursing assistants, for example, many Hispanic male adults probably don't see themselves in that role as easily as they might see themselves driving a truck, college officials say. So the college first focused on building up programs in fields like commercial driving and welding.
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<p>In terms of academic programs, rather than tailor them to prepare students for specific jobs that might be locally available in the future, Big Bend officials hope that increasing the general level of education among the region's population will itself be a draw for new businesses.
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<p>Another factor driving the college's decisions about program offerings is the need to find instructors to staff them. Like the administrators at the Wahluke School District, Big Bend officials say they struggle to attract aspiring faculty members. For those who are single, there isn't much of a dating scene, and many of the area's social activities are family-oriented. For couples, the problem is finding employment for their spouses.
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<p>This fall the college advertised for over a month for an instructor in the integrated commercial-driving program and for one in the integrated-welding program. But less than two weeks before those programs were set to begin, no likely candidates had yet applied — "goose eggs," says Kara Garrett, dean of education, health, and language skills.
</p>
<p>At the last minute, she says, a qualified candidate for the commercial-driving position "walked in off the street." To give him time for orientation, the college delayed the program's start date by a week. The position for the welding course still has not been filled on a permanent basis. The college was able to start that program on time by finding a part-time instructor to fill in for the fall quarter.
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<p><b>Patchwork of Programs</b></p>
<p>The college is accustomed to finding ways to plug gaps, whether in terms of staff or of financial resources. This year the dean of arts and sciences, Rachel Anderson, found out that a technical assistant who was helping out in an evening program has a master's degree in marine biology. She hired him to be a part-time mathematics instructor.
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<p>Administrators say they are almost constantly applying for federal, state, and private grants and contracts, which make up about half of Big Bend's budget, to patch together community services and aid programs. College administrators just got word, for instance, that they will receive four years of support from a federal education program to help migrant workers. And a new state Opportunity Grant Program will allow the college to help low-income students pay for such services as child care, allowing them to attend class.
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<p>Big Bend, like other colleges in rural areas around the country, also offers programs to help students deal with distance. Students in some far-flung communities can avoid drives to Big Bend of as much as two hours each way by taking classes in an interactive, televised setting, with their local classrooms linked by fiber-optic line to instruction at Big Bend.
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<p>The enrollment in those interactive classes and online courses has grown to some 1,700 in 2005-6.</p>
<p>Still, distance education does not bridge all gaps. Many courses, from welding to laboratory sciences, require hands-on training with an instructor. And students who need extra help in any course often find it easier to get assistance in person. Sometimes the region's residents find that they just have to commit to a long drive if they are going to be able to reach their educational and economic goals.
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<p><b>'Lots of Obstacles'</b></p>
<p>For the past year, Rosa Fabian has been driving her Oldsmobile 40 minutes each way to a job-skills center in Moses Lake, where Big Bend is located, to take information-technology classes that the college offers there.
</p>
<p>She says she has wanted to further her education since 1989, when she came to the United States from El Salvador, where she had finished a high-school education. "I always loved to better myself, and it's always been my wish to," she says. "But I found lots of obstacles."
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<p>Ms. Fabian, 45, is a single mother of two and, until a year ago, had not gained legal status as a U.S. resident. She arrived in the United States not knowing much English or how to drive.</p>
<p>She also didn't know how to go about enrolling in a college or vocational-training program, until a friend told her about Big Bend's information-technology offering. Now she expects to complete the program in March, earning a certificate. She hopes to land a job in an office, perhaps doing clerical work.
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<p>But for Ms. Fabian, as for so many other low-income residents here, the path to a better education is still not easy. Her car died in October. She replaced it with a used Chevrolet, with worn tires, managing to pay for it with her income as a part-time cook's assistant.
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<p>The journey to her information-technology certificate may seem even longer for Ms. Fabian once the freezing rains of a Washington winter begin to fall. But she is determined to keep going, to finish her education, bad tires or not.
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