<h2 class="date-header">Sunday, July 22, 2007</h2>
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<h3 class="post-title">Language and religion </h3>
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<div style="CLEAR: both"></div>Separatism is usually based on either language or religion. In Yugoslavia Slovenia, Kosovo and Macedonia wanted to separate on linguistic criteria, while Croatia and Bosnia used religious arguments. I think it is good to make a distinction between both as such separations work out very differently. As countries modernize there is a natural tendency towards linguistic separation. As the role of the government grows it becomes increasingly expensive to provide services in all languages. And with the advance of international languages like English fewer people speak each other's languages. You see the same in Western countries. For example Belgium has an official language border. The only area that is still officially bilingual - Brussels - has become de facto French speaking (about 90%). In Canada too Quebec has adopted a policy that stresses the french speaking character of the province.
<br><br>People understand this character of linguistic separation. The separation of Slovenia and Macedonia went nearly effortless. Kosovo might go rather easy too if the international community didn't make such a mess of the process by pushing for terms of separation that are seen as extremely unfair. Religious separation is a completely different thing. Unlike linguistic differences there are no special policies necessary to keep a multi-religious society working. One only needs to keep track that there isn't too much discrimination. With religious differences people tend to live much more mixed and are often not even aware of their differences. However, once the process of separation starts it tends to be self-reinforcing.
<br><br>Nowadays both Bosnia and Croatia have created their own languages as a kind of justification for their separation. Obviously religious separatism doesn't feel very well and needs to be justified. <br>Because there is no cost to religious diversity the arguments for religious separatism have to come elsewhere. Usually this is found in discrinminating the "others".
<br><br>In my opinion one to main conceptual errors of the West in Yugoslavia was not to make a distinction between religious and linguistic separatism. Unfortunately the same mistake is nowadays repeated in Iraq, where the Americans try to solve the linguistic separatism of the Kurds with same tools as the religious separatism of the Sunnites. The latter could better be solved by pushing for a policy of "no discrimination" where both sides are treated equal.
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