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<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>I just read this review of the edited volume in which I have a
contribution (on <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>).
I was surprised to see how distorted the summary of my chapter was in this
review. Whereas the reviewer claims that "Selma K. Sonntag
illustrates how the democratically elected government<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>turned to the 'Nepali-only' language policy in the early 1990s," I
had attempted to do the exact opposite: I argued that the "people's
revolution" in the early 1990s marked a turning away from the Nepali-Only
policy of the past to a much more inclusive multilingual policy, albeit not as
inclusive as multilingual advocates, both in Nepal and elsewhere, would have
liked. I hope that my chapter is the only one that has been seriously
misread by the reviewer--and perhaps it is my fault for not being as clear a
writer as I would like to be. However, I do feel the need to set the
record straight, precisely because the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Nepal</st1:country-region></st1:place> case illustrates the positive
linkage between democracy and multilingualism. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Sam (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Selma</st1:City></st1:place>
K.) Sonntag<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Visiting Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>McMaster</span></font></st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Hamilton</span></font></st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">Ontario</st1:State>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Professor<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Department of Government & Politics<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Humboldt</span></font></st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Arcata</span></font></st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State> <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>E-mail: sks1@humboldt.edu <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>-----Original Message-----<br>
From: owner-lgpolicy-list@ccat.sas.upenn.edu
[mailto:owner-lgpolicy-list@ccat.sas.upenn.edu] On Behalf Of Harold F.
Schiffman<br>
Sent: Tuesday, May 15, 2007 8:05 AM<br>
To: Language Policy-List<br>
Subject: Book review: Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Announced at http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-3378.html<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>EDITORS: Tsui, Amy B.M.; James W. Tollefson<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>TITLE: Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>SERIES: New Perspectives on Language & Education<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>PUBLISHER: <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lawrence</st1:place></st1:City>
Erlbaum Associates<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>YEAR: 2006<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Revied by Yasemin Kirkgoz, Department of ELT, Lecturer in English
Language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Teaching at the University of ukurova<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>''Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts'' is an
edited<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>collection of papers aimed at presenting the impact of globalization on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policies in Asian countries. Each chapter in the volume
focuses<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>on different aspect of the complex issue - the roles of language
policies<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of Asian countries in the social construction of national cultural<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>identities; the relationship between language, culture, and identity
(vii)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>through the impact of globalization; and language policy responses of
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>governments based on case study experiences. The book is introduced by
a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>preface, which lays out the background, the aim of the book, and
consists<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of fifteen chapters. As the editors state in the preface, in selecting<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>contributors to the volume, they have been guided by the decision to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>include countries which have been underrepresented in the literature on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy. Each chapter author is an Asian scholar with
experience<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and knowledge concerning language policy of their country, as such the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>book aims to provide ''insider's perspective on each of the countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>presented'' (viii).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>SUMMARY<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>The collection, edited by Tsui, Amy B.M.; James W. Tollefson consists
of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>fourteen chapters including a preface, followed by Chapter 1. The
fourteen<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>chapters of the book are organized into three parts. Part 1 entitled<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>''Globalization and its Impact on Language Policy, Culture, and
Identity''<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>consists of five chapters. Part II ''Language Policy and the (Re)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Construction of National Cultural Identity'' comprises the next three<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>chapters in the volume (Chapters 7-10). Part III ''Language Policy and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Language Politics: The Role of English'' covers the last four chapters
in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the collection. The first and the last chapters are written by the
editors<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter One ''Language Policy and construction of National Identity'',<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>written by the editors, seems to be designed to provide a critical<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>overview of all the chapters that make up the collection, presenting an<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>analytical framework for understanding the case studies. As the editors<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>put it, authors in this volume explore the relationship between
language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>policy and national cultural identity by examining the impact of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>globalization on several Asian countries and their language policy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>responses to it. The authors first present several questions related to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the spread of English with reference to Phillipson's (1992)
''linguistic<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>imperialism'', arguing that English is considered by language policy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>makers in Asian countries as a ''multinational tool that is essential
for<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>achieving national goals and by individuals as an indispensable
resource<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>for personal advancement'' (p.18). While admitting that Asian
countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>have little choice other than legitimizing the hegemony of English,
they<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>argue that at the supranational level, the ownership of English still<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>remains largely in the hands of English-speaking Western superpowers.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Two ''<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
Language Policy and the 'Lost Decade''' by Kayoko<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Hashimoto examines how the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>(TEFL) is situated in Japanese society and how the government has<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>responded to the promotion of TEFL in its policy since what is known as<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the Lost Decade, when <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>
was in search of solutions to tackle a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>national crisis. The discussion mainly focuses on the perspective that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policies are mainly cultural policies because they are
connected<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>with what can culturally be achieved. The author puts forward the idea<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that while promoting English, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> has successfully maintained
its own<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>cultural identity by promoting TEFL within the framework of Japanese<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>internationalization and the ''good'' qualities of the Japanese
culture.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Hashimoto remarks that efforts have been made by the government to
ensure<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that the learning of English would not undermine Japanese cultural<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>identity and cultural values.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Three ''Globalization and Language Policy in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">South Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region>''
by Yim<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Sungwon explores globalization in the Korean context. Sungwon argues
that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>in the Korean context, globalization has acted as a ''catalyst for<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>developing a new sense of national identity'' (p.51). He clearly shows<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that unlike many countries where the imposition of ideologies and
cultures<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of Western superpowers has rendered many nations helpless, many Koreans<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>see the current spread of the English language and American culture as
an<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>opportunity for their nation to show itself to the world by
appropriating<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the American culture and language to disseminate Korean ways of
thinking<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and understanding rather than seeing it as a threat to their national<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Four ''The construction of National Identity and Globalization
in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Multilingual <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>''
by Maya Khemlani David and Subramaniam Govindasamy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>is in two sections. In the first section the authors outline the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>multilingual and multiethnic context in which the Malaysian language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>policy is interpreted using a descriptive historical-discourse
approach;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the second part examines the role of English language textbooks in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>promoting national identity and the global outlook of <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>After an overview of Malaysian colonial history and colonial heritage,
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>authors demonstrate the prominence being given by the leaders of the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>nation to the use of English, especially in education, which they
remark<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>has led to an increase in private English medium education as a recent<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>response to globalization. Adopting a discourse analytical approach to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>examine the textbooks, the authors show that the textbook writers have<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>achieved a major goal by introducing global values essential to
contribute<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>to the common goal of nation building without neglecting local customs<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>through selecting topics and producing materials.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Five ''Remaking <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
Language, Culture, and Identity in a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Globalized World'' by Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew situates Globalization in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Singapore</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region>,
''an increasingly depoliticized, postcolonial, and<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>materialistic environment'' (p. 75). The author first focuses on the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy, specifically, the Speak Good English Movement (SGEM).
He<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>then surveys contribution by Singaporeans about what makes a
Singaporean<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and examines data from a recent questionnaire on language attitudes in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Singapore</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region>.
In the evolving global society, Chew suggests that language is<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>not so much as a symbol of culture and nationhood but as an essential<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>economic resource having a particular value: a tool by which a nation
may<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>achieve varied goals in the area of research, finance, manufacturing
and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>public relations.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Six ''Transition, Culture, and Language in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cambodia</st1:place></st1:country-region>'' by
Thomas<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Clayton discusses the impact of liberalization and democratization on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Cambodia</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
dominant minority cultures in relation to language choices in<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>education. Clayton argues that by influencing language choice in favour
of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>English and French the government's agenda to maintain and strengthen<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Khmer culture is being threatened. He points out that the Cambodian<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>government has allocated its own resources only to the national
language,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>by extension, the Khmer culture, while leaving to others interventions<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that advance Chinese, Cham, Vietnamese and indigenous languages and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>cultures. Clayton also mentions that transition form a centrally
planned<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>to a Market economy led to participation in a global economy, which<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>resulted in an increase in foreign investment. Many job opportunities
were<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>created leading to an increase in demand for English.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Seven ''Language Policy and the construction of Identity: The
Case<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of <st1:place w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:place>'' by Amy B. M. Tsui
discusses the language policy in the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>construction of cultural identity in the <st1:place w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:place>
context. Based on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Halls's framework of identity construction, Tsui examines the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>institutional and socio-political processes that influenced the
collective<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>identity of the people of <st1:place w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:place> in
the colonial and postcolonial<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>periods, exploring the role of language policy in these processes. She<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>claims that during the colonial area, the interaction between the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>competing forces of British colonialism and Chinese nationalism, and
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>resistance to both movements shaped the local identity of the people of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>Hong Kong</span></font></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Eight ''Multilingual and Multicultural Identities in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brunei</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Darussalam'' by Mukul Saxena addresses the very theme of the
sociocultural<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>philosophies of governance embedded in Hinduism, Islamic and Western<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>thoughts that have shaped the national ideology, MUB, of <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brunei</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Saxena<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>remarks that by defining the nation state in terms of the national MIB<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>ideology, the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brunei</st1:place></st1:country-region>
government has highlighted the importance of Malay<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>culture and language to the national identity. This relationship
between<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>ethnicity, culture, language and identity is extended to the Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>monarchy. What he seems to highlight in this chapter is that the policy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>pressures from diverse sociolinguistic practices are ''constructing,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>deconstructing, and reconstructing Bruneians' multilingual and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>multicultural identities'' (p.158).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Nine ''Mauri or Mirage? The Status of the Maori Language in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Aotearoa New <st1:place w:st="on">Zealand</st1:place> in the Third
Millennium'' by Richard A. Benton<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>presents - in a very condensed and at times hard-to-process style -
Maori<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language, culture, and contact with English since the late 18th
century.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Benton</span></font></st1:place></st1:City>
gives an overview of how the status of the language has been<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>recognized and reflected in practice both within and outside the Maori<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>ethnic community since initial contact with outside influences. He
reports<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that the unequal power relationship between English and the Maori
language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>resulted in several paradoxes. Maori people were interested in
preserving<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the Maori language and culture, yet they avoided speaking it at home.
They<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>sent their children to English-medium schools. Although the Maori
language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>is an official language and it is used in parliamentary debates, it is<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>hardly used by legislators. <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Benton</st1:place></st1:City>
proposes an interpretation that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>resolves these apparent paradoxes.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Ten ''Identity and Multilinguality: The Case of <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>'' by R.
K.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Agnihotri gives the history of the language policy in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> before
and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>after the partition of <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Agnihotri clearly shows that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy and national identity are mutually related, which he<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>points out is often used for political ends. Throughout the chapter, it
is<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>demonstrated that in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
Hindi and Urdu were separated into two<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>distinct languages to serve the political end of projecting two
separate<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>identities, Hindu and Muslim during the partition process. This had an<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>unfavourable consequence of destroying the ethnic harmony. The
dominance<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of Hindi contributed to the demise of Hindustani, a common language to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Hindus and Muslims, generating resistance from other linguistic groups.
He<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>describes how English, the language of colonization, remained one of
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>official languages to counter the absolute power of Hindi.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Eleven ''Change and Permanence in Language Politics in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>'' by<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Selma K. Sonntag illustrates how the democratically elected government<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>turned to the ''Nepali-only'' language policy in the early 1990s and
made<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Sanskrit compulsory in primary and secondary education. Sonntag points
out<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that this reversal caused strong resistance from the ethnic minorities.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Unlike in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
such resistance lead to positive outcomes as it enabled<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the minorities to resolve ethnolinguistic policy matters. With regard
to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the role of English, she notes that as in the case of <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, English<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>functioned as a tool for resistance against the linguistic dominance of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Nepali. With the spread of English, English-medium schools increased,
and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>concerns have been expressed about the widening social divide resulting<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>from such proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Twelve ''The Role of English in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:place></st1:country-region> with Special Reference to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Tolerance and Militancy'' by Tariq Rahman deals with the issue that the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>spread of English is accompanied by the propagation of liberal values
in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Pakistan</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region>.
In a survey conducted by Rahman, the English-educated elites<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>hold more liberal values such as peace with <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, equal rights for women,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and religious tolerance, and they support militant policies. The author<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>points out that due to access to English and the Internet, young
people,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>regardless of whether elite or nonelites, can freely express themselves
on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>various issues including politics, and religion. Such free expression,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>according to Rahman, is a breakthrough for <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:place></st1:country-region> which he considers as<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>an intolerant and oppressive society. Rahman also cautions that while<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>English brings liberal and democratic values, it may also make
available<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>neofundamentalist Islamic values.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Thirteen ''Language Policy in Education in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>'' by
Tania<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Hossain & James W. Tollefson address three issues in language and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>education in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
the role of Bengali in the ideology of Bengali<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>nationalism; the forces contributing to the spread of English
among the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>elite, and the language in the educational system. Hossain &
Tollefson<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>remark that the linguistic resistance in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:place></st1:country-region> to the domination of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Urdu and the struggle for the recognition of the Bengali as a
co-official<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language eventually turned into military resistance, which resulted in
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>political independence of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Bangladesh</st1:country-region>
from <st1:place w:st="on">West Pakistan</st1:place>. Bengali was<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>declared the state language as well as the medium of instruction in the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>state education system. The authors discuss how English-medium
education<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>has continued for the elite despite high rate of illiteracy. They draw<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>attention to one of the educational problems: the lack of curriculum<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>materials in Bengali means that higher education has to continue in the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>medium of English. This limits its access by the Bengali-medium
graduates<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and deepens the social divide between those who can access it and
others<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that cannot.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Chapter Fourteen ''Issues in Language Policy, Culture, and Identity''
by<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>James W. Tollefson & Amy B.M. Tsui is the final chapter summarizing
the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>major research issues emerging from the chapters in the volume. The<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>authors agree that the answers raised at the beginning of the book to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>several policy related issues are often complex, varying in accordance<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>with the political and cultural context, and changeable over time. They<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>make a number of important points: the language policy responses of
Asian<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>countries indicate that these countries have as much a part to play as<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>English speaking Western superpowers in legitimizing the hegemony of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>English. English is perceived by the policy makers as an essential tool
to<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>achieve national goals and personal achievement. The authors conclude
that<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>on the basis of the evidence, language policy responses of countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>included in the volume have been largely determined by the linguistic<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>practices, preferences of organizations both multinational and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>transnational as well as international aid agencies. They also point
out<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>that the threat of cultural homogenization brought about by the
hegemony<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of English has been a source of tension for Asian countries.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>EVALUATION<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>''Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts'' is a much<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>welcome addition to the scholarship on language policy, education, and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>sociolinguistics, particularly for its contribution of much needed<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>empirical studies in Asian countries. It brings together a significant<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>amount of research studies on language policies and practices in Asian<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>countries.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>The book is certainly a must-read for anyone who is interested in
issues<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>in language policies and practices in Asian countries. It is a great<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>sourcebook that may be used in graduate and undergraduate courses on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy, language in society and language education. With
regard<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>to the scope, the collection provides a critical survey of language<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>policies and practices in Asian countries. The usefulness of the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>discussion questions posed by the editors in the first chapter might<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>assist readers in thinking through the whole volume in further<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>understanding the topics addressed in each chapter.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Each chapter is clearly laid-out and well written, some offering excellent<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>end-of-chapter summaries. Perhaps the most positive quality of this
book<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>is that the authors introduce the historical and theoretical discussion
on<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the language policies of their countries from an insider's perspective.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Each chapter deals with a language policy in a different Asian country,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>thus most chapters are well worth the time it takes to read. The
content<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>is certainly not difficult to read, since it is presented in a very
clear<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and factual manner. Another welcome contribution of this book is that
each<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>chapter addresses a different aspect of the complex issue - the roles
of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policies of a particular Asian country in the social
construction<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>of national cultural identities, and the relationship between language,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>culture, and identity through the impact of globalization, and
approaches<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>adopted by the government of the respective country, drawing on case
study<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>experiences.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Overall, I have found the volume to be cohesive, resourceful and<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>well-written. I would highly recommend this book to those involved in<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy and planning. The detail of discussion makes this book
an<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>extremely useful reference for those involved in language policy
issues.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Phillipson, R. (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. <st1:City w:st="on">Oxford</st1:City>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Oxford</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Press.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>ABOUT THE REVIEWER Yasemin Kirkgoz is an Assistant Professor in the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Department of English Language Teaching at the University of ukurova,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Turkey</span></font></st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Her research interests include influence of globalization on<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>language policy, English-medium education and classroom based research.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>http://linguistlist.org/issues/18/18-1461.html<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>***********************************************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>N.b.: Listing on the lgpolicy-list is merely intended as a service to
its members<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner
or sponsor of<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the list as to the veracity of a message's contents. Members who
disagree with a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>message are encouraged to post a rebuttal.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>***********************************************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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