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<td align="right"><font size="-1">From the issue dated September 28, 2007</font></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h1>Europe Challenges U.S. for Foreign Students</h1>
<p><b>Continental universities add more courses in English and step up their recruiting</b></p>
<p class="byline"><font size="-1">By AISHA LABI</font></p>
<p>Like many Chinese students, one of the first things Guo Weiqiang looked for when he decided to study abroad was a place where he could improve his language skills. "Everyone wants to speak English in China," he says. But while many of his friends took the obvious route and applied to American universities, Mr. Weiqiang chose a different path: He decided to go to Finland. His university in his home city of Beijing, the Capital University of Economics and Business, has several exchange programs with Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, in Helsinki, and all of the courses he wanted to take were in English.
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<p>Mr. Weiqiang, who goes by the nickname Gary and whose shaggy hair, hooded gray sweatshirt, and faded jeans would look at home on any American campus, thinks the tendency of his peers to focus on the United States is shortsighted. "In my mind, Europe will overtake America" as China's main trade partner, he says. But he also admits that his decision to spend a year in Finland was not entirely objective. "I just prefer Europe over America," he says with a shrug. His is an increasingly common sentiment among international students. Although the United States remains the world's preferred destination for students looking to earn degrees abroad, it is ceding ground to its rivals in Western Europe. Britain has long been the United States' main competitor for international students, but Continental countries like the Netherlands, France, Germany — and yes, Finland — are increasingly popular destinations.
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<p>Europe is "waking up," says Bernd Wächter, director of the Brussels-based Academic Cooperation Association, "to the fact that there is a global education market, and to the fact that things like marketing and recruitment are not dirty and unethical activities." A confluence of events has brought about this interest. A growing number of Continental universities are using English in the classroom; European governments and institutions are more aggressively marketing their education overseas; universities are setting up more partnerships with foreign institutions to create pipelines for prospective students; and virtually all European nations are synchronizing their degree programs so that what was once a hodgepodge of degrees is now more accessible to foreign students. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have also extended the amount of time foreign graduates can stay in the country and work.
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<p>Europe's heightened focus on international students is driven by the pursuit of both dollars and diversity. As European nations struggle to finance their largely public higher-education systems, some countries are turning to fee-paying foreign students as one way to augment their coffers. But educators insist that money is not the main goal, saying that their motivation is similar to that of Americans — they want talent and cultural vibrancy on their campuses. The tendency of overseas students, particularly at the graduate level, where much of Europe's English-language education is concentrated, to specialize in subjects that are falling out of favor with home-grown students, such as the hard sciences, also makes foreign students increasingly important to the survival of some departments. And a number of countries with aging populations, such as Finland, see foreign students as way to fill university seats.
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<p><b>Language Fluency Not Required</b></p>
<p>The shift toward English is the longest-standing of the various factors bringing more foreign students to Western Europe, and perhaps the most significant. In the 1950s, the Netherlands became the first non-Anglophone country in Europe to teach courses in English and today offers 1,300 programs in the language. Germany offers more than 500 degree programs in English, catering to its 250,000 international students. In Denmark, one fourth of all university courses are now offered in English.
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<p>Even France, with its deep-seated scorn for the creeping Anglicization of its national language, assures foreign students in its marketing brochures that they "no longer need to be fluent in French to study in France." Finland, while much less visible than those countries, offers a telling illustration of how deeply committed many European universities are to developing an international student body. The Nordic nation of just over five million people offers 400 English-language graduate programs at its 20 universities and 29 polytechnic institutions.
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<p>"As a small country, we know we are dependent on knowledge produced outside the country," says Anita Lehikoinen, who oversees higher education at the Finnish Ministry of Education. "The only way we can attract students is to offer courses in English." The 9,000 degree-seeking foreign students and 7,100 exchange students enrolled in 2005 represent just a fraction of Finland's 305,000 students, but the country has embraced English as one of the keys to Finnish higher education's future. Like other Western European nations, Finland faces the demographic time bomb of a rapidly aging population and low birth rate, and universities will soon be increasingly dependent on foreign students to fill their lecture halls.
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<p>"Our goal is to double the number of degree-seeking international students here by 2010," says Ms. Lehikoinen. Some graduate courses in Finland are already dominated by foreign students. At a two-hour University of Helsinki morning lecture on "The Evolution of Shape" this spring, by Jukka Jernvall, a biology professor, none of the handful of students in the room were Finnish. The 46 slides that flashed across the projection screen all had English captions. The growing number of foreign students at Finnish universities has many benefits, says Mr. Jernvall, who also teaches courses at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Finns are famously taciturn, which can pose frustrations for professors seeking to elicit discussion, he says, and adding foreigners to the mix often livens things up.
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<p>"Bringing in foreign students is a key form of outreach" and will yield some of the positive dividends American universities have reaped for so many years, he says. "One of the strengths of the United States is that people move around, they form personal and scientific networks, and there's a dynamism you get from that."
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<p><b>Making the Pitch</b></p>
<p>To attract overseas students, universities — and entire countries — are marketing their offerings in ways that even a decade ago would have been anathema to Europe's staid higher-education culture. Aggressive recruitment strategies, complete with glossy brochures, inviting online tours, and departments staffed with foreign-recruitment officers, are all relatively new to a region that has traditionally looked no farther than neighboring towns to populate its universities.
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<p>A number of countries provide centralized services — available online — designed to be a first port of call for students considering studying abroad. These sites tell students about the country itself, study options in English, visa and work regulations, and the costs students can expect to face.
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<p>Finland's ambitious campaign is coordinated through its Centre for International Mobility, which offers prospective international students comprehensive information through brightly colored brochures such as "Why Finland? Some of the Many Reasons for International Students to Choose Finland."
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<p>Some European countries are also setting up overseas outposts. The German Academic Exchange Service, a government-financed organization that promotes international educational cooperation, has branch offices and information centers in three mainland Chinese cities and Hong Kong, among other places, helping it to attract roughly 30,000 Chinese students to German universities each year. The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education has Asian branch offices in China, Indonesia, and Vietnam, which provide information about degree programs, scholarships for which international students might be eligible, and immigration rules.
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<p>Although they are essentially competing for the same students, European universities also work together, collaborating through road shows or joint fairs, says Mr. Wächter, of the Academic Cooperation Association, an independent organization focused on improving academic cooperation within Europe and between institutions in Europe and abroad.
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<p>The European Commission, the executive arm of the 27-member European Union, has organized seven European higher-education fairs across Asia in conjunction with the British, French, German, and Dutch study-abroad organizations. Dozens of universities are participating.
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<p>Aamer Iqbal Bhatti, an engineering professor at Mohammad Ali Jinnah University's Islamabad campus, says Pakistani students are finding out about the attractions of Europe partly through word of mouth, but also because countries such as Germany are relatively strong, economically, which means that students are more likely to find jobs there after they graduate. He also said that some British universities, which have held fairs in Pakistan, offered "on-the-spot admissions."
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<p><b>Following the Money</b></p>
<p>Money is an increasingly important factor in the Europeans' drive to recruit foreign students. Historically, tuition has either been nonexistent or nominal in Europe, and in most countries, a college education is still free. But as government budgets shrink and expenses grow, universities across the continent are wrestling with the reality that they need to find other sources of income. The Netherlands and Denmark recently began charging tuition to foreigners.
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<p>Britain is the most extreme example. British universities began charging tuition a decade ago, and in September 2006, a controversial increase went into effect that allowed universities in England to charge up to about $6,000 a year. The rates apply to students from Britain and other other European Union nations, but foreign students can be charged even more.
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<p>Britain, not coincidentally, is the most aggressive of the European nations in recruiting foreign students, and the most public about how important these students are to the financial health of its higher education.</p>
<p>Over the next four years, Finland — which does not charge tuition for domestic or foreign students — will allow universities to transform from entirely public institutions to quasi-private ones, paving the way for the likely imposition of tuition in many graduate programs. Universities have lobbied for the ability to charge foreigners tuition, and that eventuality clearly underlies some of the efforts to boost foreign numbers.
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<p>Increasing tuition brings with it, of course, the risk that students might seek a cheaper education elsewhere. Markus Laitinen, who directs international affairs at the University of Helsinki, says that universities have to be careful not to flood their campuses with foreign students simply because they see them as sources of revenue.
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<p>"We need continuity, a long-term perspective," he says. "We have to look farther than the next academic season."</p>
<p>For some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, the financial benefits of attracting large numbers of foreign students are undoubtedly part of what motivates ambitious recruitment efforts. But, says Mr. Wächter, more lofty considerations are a factor for all European countries. "It's the old idea of having ambassadors of the country in the future," he says. "It's about considerations of national prestige and internationalization."
</p><a href="http://chronicle.com">http://chronicle.com</a> Section: International Volume 54, Issue 5, Page A29 <br>
<div class="info" align="center"> </div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+<br><br>Harold F. Schiffman<br><br><br>Phone: (215) 898-7475<br>Fax: (215) 573-2138
<br><br>Email: <a href="mailto:haroldfs@gmail.com">haroldfs@gmail.com</a><br><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/">http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/</a> <br><br>-------------------------------------------------
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