Tuesday, 02 October 2007<br>A distorted picture of a fraying Foreign Service <br>By PHK<br><br>A link to Jeff Stein's September 21, 2007 Congressional Quarterly article "State Department Cajoles Young Diplomats into Iraq Service" on the State Department's difficulties in recruiting first tour officers for Iraq assignments appeared in my inbox last week. Mine is far from the first commentary on it in the blogosphere. But I seem to be the first so far as I can tell who has actually experienced State's assignments process close up. Unfortunately, this article is littered with half-truths that too often turn into unbecoming slurs. In short, Stein paints a distorted picture of a spoiled
U.S. Foreign Service replete with disloyal Generation Yers in the most junior ranks leading the pack. US Foreign Service hater Jesse Helms would have been proud. <br><br>The half-truths in Stein's article begin with an interview of retired Ambassador Skip Gnehm who is quoted as saying that when he joined the
U.S. Foreign Service in 1969, "Every (entering) class went to Vietnam." It was, he apparently told Stein and the new recruits, the price of admission. The reality: That was true in 1969, but by January 3, 1970, the State Department had changed its assignments policy for first tour officers. None were sent to Vietnam for the last five and one-quarter years of the war. At the time, US Information Agency junior officers trained with State junior officers. I was in that January 1970 class when we learned of State's new policy. None of my first tour State Department colleagues – or those in future classes – was force assigned to Vietnam unless they had agreed to the condition before entering. This only happened to one person who had agreed and had previously served there in the military. Journalistic lesson: don't base a story on a single interview even if, as is the case with Ambassador Gnehm, the person is well known and highly respected.
<br><br>Few of my State colleagues went to Brussels, Madrid, or Bern – but none were sent to a war zone and very few to a Communist country first time around. In fact, some of the most satisfying and career enhancing assignments happened outside the "cushy" US Embassies in Europe. USIA, meanwhile, had dropped the forced Vietnam assignments policy for first tour officers at least a year or more before State because personnel had decided it was counter-productive to send inexperienced press and cultural officers into combat areas. Second tour officers, however, were fair game. I did have one USIA classmate who served an abbreviated tour in Danang. At the end, he and his family were evacuated from Saigon during those last hectic weeks in April 1975.
<br><br>To continue<br><br>Jeff Stein quotes a recent Government Accountability Office study (to which he should have linked but did not) that suggests that "today's crop of young diplomats don't want to go to anywhere hot and dirty" because "posts in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia continue to receive the lowest number of bids, while posts in Europe and "the Western Hemisphere receive the highest." In 2005, Stein noted, "67 positions in Africa and the Middle East went begging" and that "the State Department has too often had to fill critical, Third World slots with inexperienced officers who . . . can't read or speak the local language" and as a consequence do a lousy job. This, he tells us happens at the senior level also.
<br><br>Let's break this apart: first positions – then <strong>foreign language competency</strong> <br><br>Positions: So what else isn't new? European posts have always been the most popular for US diplomats and, therefore, the most competitive. I'll bet most American military, journalists and business people would also prefer to serve in Europe all things being equal. In the Foreign Service, however, such assignments do not necessarily lead to rapid career advancement in part because of the way the system operates. Likewise, assignments that require
<strong>hard language</strong> training have made promotions even slower. Furthermore, bid wish-lists, training and the realities of State's Byzantine-like assignments process do not necessarily coincide.<br><br>Stein omits the fact that Foreign Service Officers must also bid on jobs in those "hot and dirty" posts. He also seems to have forgotten, or not known that there are comparatively more of them these days – in part thanks to Condoleezza Rice's decision to move mid-level and junior positions from "cushy" places like Moscow to Delhi and elsewhere. I'll bet the 67 positions that went unfilled (a fair number were press and cultural) in 2005 was because the State Department did not have the personnel to fill them. The Foreign Service was literally gutted during the 1990s, a casualty of mistaken post Cold War euphoria when peace and democracy were thought to be breaking out all over.
<br><br>Colin Powell worked hard to restore the ranks (but experienced diplomats and especially those who speak a hard language are not made in a day). Once Rice took State's reins in 2004, she exponentially increased demands for personnel because of Iraq and Afghanistan but failed to add the requisite additional positions and people to fill them. So what do you expect? You get what you pay for.
<br><br>The reappearance of the Ugly American?<br><br>As for a deficit of language trained, culturally aware, experienced US diplomats assigned to posts where the language they speak is spoken, the problem is far more complex and deeply rooted than Stein or the GAO study indicates. This is – and has been - a costly and major weakness throughout the service for years. It is one both Congress and the Department need to address beginning now. In reality, it need not have happened.
<br><br>One problem is that State's assignments and training policies do not mesh. Another problem is that the promotion and retention policies of the Department forced hard language trained officers out of the service willy-nilly especially during the 1990s just when they had reached the point when they were most valuable. Ambassador Monteagle Stearns documented this well in his 1996 book Talking to Strangers (Princeton University Press). Stearns' history of the problem is well worth a read – or reread. The consequences have come home to roost a decade later: they were predictable but no one listened. Meanwhile, the costly mistake should not and need not be repeated. It takes years, not months, to take even the most talented foreign language learner up to the proficiency needed for much diplomatic work. A short course at Berlitz – or even at State's own Foreign Service Institute – doesn't scratch the surface.
<br><br>Stretched far too thin<br><br>In terms of personnel numbers and competency deficits, the service has been treading on thin ice for some time. The added demands of Iraq and Afghanistan have made it worse. <br><br>For years now State, like the military, has had its ranks stretched far too thin – and the ranks of the State Department – there are a few thousand Foreign Service Officers all told overseas and in Washington - are miniscule compared with those at the Pentagon's disposal.
<br><br>It's beyond me why the US has 1,000 Foreign Service Officers serving in Iraq (this according to Stein), a country where we should have as small a diplomatic presence as possible since few can do what they have been sent there to do –
e.g. talk to Iraqis – given the horrendous security situation. No wonder those who are there are, in the words of the conservative retired army officer Ralph Peters "the most frightened human beings you'll ever meet." <br>
<br>In my view, they don't belong there.<br><br>Why shouldn't they be scared – these are people hired to represent US interests abroad through peaceful means of communication most useful in non-combat zones. An aside, I found the cocktail party to be one of the least useful venues for accomplishing much of anything besides making perfunctory acquaintances.
<br><br>But there's yet another inconsistency in Stein's article. In one place he reports that junior officers are standing in line to study Arabic, but in another he writes that they prefer Europe or Latin America to a country that is "hot and dirty." Actually, parts of Latin America are "hot and dirty" too but I have to wonder if the reticence to serve in Iraq, in particular, might have something to do with questionable support for the Bush administration's policies there. Most career diplomats are hard-headed political realists whose most effective "weapon" is the power of persuasion not the intimidation of recently fired gun powder or the flash of cold steel.
<br><br>A military "solution" to a political problem is not a solution<br><br>From what I know about the service, few US Foreign Service Officers at any rank have ever chosen to serve in war zones. If this had been their predilection, they would have become career military officers – or enlisted with Blackwater - instead. Most diplomats believe that a military "solution" to a political problem is not a solution. The current, never-ending US lead-with-the-fist policy in Iraq and elsewhere therefore – like that in Vietnam – is most diplomats' nightmare.
<br><br>Perhaps if the Bush administration had adopted the Baker-Hamilton report's recommendations for greater diplomacy and less military last year instead of signing on to the Kagan boys predictably failing military "surge" and blind refusal to engage the less cooperative neighbors then one might have also seen a better response on the part of US Foreign Service Officers in terms of stepping up to the Iraq plate.
<br><br>Meanwhile, there are a fair number of State Department posts where Arabic is the language of the people. None include Europe or Latin America. Yet State's personnel is so stretched that it is too often not possible for people to obtain language training before being sent overseas. The Department also, however, needs to use its hard language speakers in places where the language they are taught is actually spoken – and that doesn't always happen.
<br><br>As for the advisability of forced assignments - something that is a military fact of life and a policy Stein's article seems to endorse for State, there was a reason both State and USIA stopped making them sometime in the 1980s. The problem is far more than poor morale – morale was the best ever under Colin Powell. State's morale couldn't get much worse now. Rice's "leadership" of the Department does not command the same respect from the "troops" because of her attitude towards them and the institution itself. She's clearly either over her head – or just doesn't care.
<br><br>She and others – including Stein, Ralph Peters, defence bloggers and Krongard, State's current controversial Inspector General - need to understand that unlike the military, US Foreign Service Officers and other State employees are civilians, not indentured servants tied to their employer for a set period of time. They can and do resign on the spot. This happened in USIA before it abolished forced assignments. Such resignations didn't happen often, and USIA tried hard not to force assign anyone – but occasionally it did. When it did, it often didn't work. This, by the way, was before Gen X or Y had even graduated from kindergarten so please don't blame them.
<br><br>Finally, Stein's comment that one of the ways State persuades "rookie" diplomats to sign up for hardship posts is that such assignments are mandatory if they want to be considered for promotion to the Senior Foreign Service. Give me a break. Anyone who believes this doesn't know how State operates. Its personnel policies are best known for their ability to change over time. The only almost sure way to get on the promotion fast track that I remember was to stay in Foggy Bottom and early on become a seventh floor staff assistant to a very senior officer.
<br><br>Regardless, by the time an officer has gone from the junior to the senior ranks twenty or more years have passed and State's promotion policies will have changed several times. There are lots of grades, steps and years in between.
<br><br>Too bad Stein didn't talk to a few more people in the Department or even those in the Foreign Service retired ranks before he wrote his article. The State Department is not the military. At State, carrots, respect and rational policies still tend to work better than sticks.
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