<div>Review: Sociolinguistics: Beal (2006)<br><br><br>Announced at <a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-1170.html">http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-1170.html</a> <br> </div>
<div>AUTHOR: Beal, Joan <br>Series: Language and Region <br><br>PUBLISHER: Routledge (Taylor and Francis) 2006 <br><br>Kevin Watson, Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University <br><br>SUMMARY </div>
<div><br>This textbook is aimed at students of English Language who are at the very <br>beginning of their university studies or are studying A Level English Language <br>at school or college. It assumes ''an interest in language use'' rather than any
<br>previous knowledge of linguistic terminology, and so introduces readers to <br>various aspects of English language investigation from first principles. The <br>book is divided into seven chapters, referred to as ''units'', each of which is
<br>between 11-14 pages long. Each unit follows a consistent format, with the <br>sections of the main content intersected by at least one activity for <br>discussion, followed by a concluding summary and at least one extension task.
<br><br>Unit 1, ''Region, nation, locale'' <br>This unit introduces regionality and regional identity as general notions, <br>initially divorced from language variation. Questions considered include: What
<br>is a region? And how are regions delimited by the people living in them? Are <br>more ''local'' regions being replaced by larger, ''supralocal'' ones? It is <br>concluded that the concept of a region must be fluid, ''covering whatever
<br>geographical areas are considered distinct from each other by the people living <br>in them, and whatever varieties of English are perceived as different from each <br>other by the people who speak and hear them'' (p. 4). This helpfully broad
<br>discussion leads well into certain themes which are touched on here and expanded <br>in later units, including stereotype, prestige, and issues of speaker identity. <br>The unit ends with an activity based on an identity questionnaire, which is
<br>accompanied by a detailed commentary highlighting the significance of the <br>questions asked in it. <br><br>Unit 2, ''Regional language and its uses'' <br>Unit 2 is based around two texts – both written for comic effect – which present
<br>two varieties of regional language. Beal explains how the language in the texts <br>differs from standard English and provides a framework for analysis. The <br>framework includes both internal aspects of vocabulary, grammar and
<br>pronunciation and external aspects such as intended audience and purpose. The <br>first text represents the regional language of an area of northern England. It <br>functions as a worked example and is accompanied by a detailed 6 page
<br>commentary. The second text represents the language of Pittsburgh, and also has <br>a detailed commentary. This time the commentary is provided at the end of the <br>book, presumably to allow readers to think about the text themselves before
<br>seeing the ''answers''. <br><br>Unit 3, ''Attitudes to regional language'' <br>This unit examines attitudes towards and stereotypes of regional language. <br>Classic studies are mentioned (
e.g. Giles 1970, Labov 1972) and key terms <br>highlighted (e.g. speech communities, salient variables). The classic studies <br>are connected to examples from more recent lay discussion, such as the popular <br>rankings of regional accents typically found in newspapers. The unit has two
<br>activities. The first is based around a set of points for discussion focusing on <br>a newspaper article about the perceived need for elocution lessons in order for <br>speakers to succeed in the workplace, and the second is a research task in which
<br>attitudes to regional language can be elicited and analyzed. <br><br>Unit 4, ''Recognising accents'' <br>Unit 4 focuses on the identification of certain phonological variables in order <br>to locate regional varieties geographically. Following a general discussion
<br>about the recognition of accent features, the unit demonstrates how Trudgill's <br>(1999: 68) sentence (''very few cars made it up the long hill'') can be used to <br>identify regional varieties of British English. Each word of the sentence is
<br>taken in turn, and certain features of UK Englishes are highlighted. The <br>activity in this unit encourages readers to use the sentence to describe their <br>own variety of English. <br><br>Unit 5, ''Words and things''
<br>Moving away from a focus on phonology, unit 5 examines lexical variation. The <br>unit begins by describing lexical attrition in the UK, or at least the <br>perception of it, but also gives examples of newer words which have only
<br>recently been documented (e.g. 'chav', in the UK). The issue of distinguishing <br>between terms such as 'dialect words', 'colloquialisms', 'slang' and 'jargon' is <br>noted. A major part of this unit is a discussion of how researchers tap into
<br>speakers' lexical knowledge. Two activities are provided. In the first, a <br>dialect questionnaire meant to elicit dialect vocabulary, based on <br>Burbano-Elizondo (2001), is illustrated, and in the other sense relation
<br>networks are introduced (adapted from Llamas 1999). <br><br>Unit 6, ''Regional grammar'' <br>Unit 6 examines grammatical variation, and at the same time introduces readers <br>to some grammatical terminology. Features considered include plural marking in
<br>second person pronouns, double modals, use of the definite article with proper <br>nouns, non-standard past tense marking, double negatives and double marking of <br>comparatives. Where appropriate, comment is made about how modern-day variation
<br>in these variables compares to the situation in earlier Standard Englishes. <br>There are two activities in this unit. The first provides a section of <br>transcribed speech in which readers are asked to identify the non-standard
<br>grammatical features, and the second is a dialect questionnaire meant to tap <br>into speakers' awareness of such features. The extension section of this unit <br>provides an excellent ''check-list'' of grammatical features that could vary from
<br>dialect to dialect. While it is clearly impossible to list all features in such <br>a list, a useful selection of 25 possibilities is given, along with examples. <br><br>Unit 7, ''Writing in dialect''
<br>This final unit of the book revisits some of the issues first introduced in unit <br>2, but rather than focusing on texts created for humorous purposes, this unit <br>examines texts in which more ''literary'' authors use dialect in their writing. A
<br>distinction is made between 'dialect literature' and 'literary dialect', before <br>4 texts are analyzed (from Irvine Welsh's _Trainspotting_, Rudyard Kipling's <br>''Tommy'', Elizabeth Gaskell's _North and South_, and John Harley's ''Bite
<br>Bigger''). Each text is accompanied by a 1 page commentary. The activity in this <br>unit is the analysis of a piece of dialect writing, using the framework that was <br>first introduced in unit 2. <br><br>There are more sections following the final unit. The book ends with (i) a
<br>commentary section providing discussion of activities offered in earlier units <br>(over 10 pages), (ii) a list of phonetic symbols with examples of words in which <br>they occur, (iii) a list of references and suggestions for further reading, and
<br>(iv) an index of terms, which also acts as a glossary. <br><br>EVALUATION <br>There are many good points about this book. It is set at exactly the right level <br>for students in introductory courses on language variation, particularly those
<br>at the very beginning of a university program or those who have yet to start <br>one. It is also very suitable for students of A Level English Language. Beal <br>assumes no previous knowledge of linguistic terminology, and so eases students
<br>into the content of the book gently, encouraging them to think independently but <br>at the same time holding their hand long enough to give them the confidence to <br>voice their opinions. <br><br>The book is written in a lively, accessible style, and the units are short and
<br>easy to digest. Many of the examples are couched in terms of things student <br>readers will be familiar with (including popular TV serials such as _Friends_ <br>and _Eastenders_, movies such as _Shaun of the Dead_ and _Scream_, and plenty of
<br>websites, which can be used for further investigation). Furthermore, central <br>variationist issues are introduced at the same time as the necessary linguistic <br>terminology. For example, readers do not spend time learning about modals before
<br>they learn about variation in modals – the two are neatly juxtaposed. This helps <br>to maintain the focus of the book but at the same time teaches terminology <br>through the ''back door''. The activities provided in each unit are well
<br>conceived, and the accompanying commentaries are very detailed (e.g. the two <br>activities offered in unit 2 have almost 10 pages of discussion devoted to <br>them). An additional benefit of the commentaries is that they are written not in
<br>bullet points or with annotations of particular texts, but in full paragraphs in <br>which, for the most part, particular linguistic phenomena are taken in turn <br>(e.g. a commentary may first deal with vocabulary before moving to
<br>pronunciation). Thus, they make students aware not only of the important points <br>in relation to the discussion activity, but also how to write these kinds of <br>answers. Students must learn how to provide answers that are detailed and
<br>peppered with copious linguistic examples, yet which are succinct and <br>waffle-free, but they seldom see writing like this on which to base their own. <br>Thus, Beal not only provides guidance on linguistic content in these
<br>commentaries, but also on the framing of the discussion. <br><br>The only negative comments I will make are quibbles rather than real points of <br>criticism. <br><br>As I pointed out above, the check-list of grammatical features provided in unit
<br>6 is excellent. However, there is a wide range of terminology in the list which <br>is not mentioned elsewhere in the book and is not included in the index of terms <br>(e.g. object, right dislocation, concord). I appreciate that it would be
<br>impossible to cover all these terms in a short book such as this, and that to do <br>so would perhaps be unsuitable given the book's target audience, but I think it <br>would have been useful to have these things as entries in the index of terms.
<br>That said, Beal notes (p. 111) that the glossary is not intended to be complete, <br>and points the reader to Crystal (2003) for further information. This was a good <br>idea, allowing students to explore further should they wish to do so.
<br><br>There is a problem with some of the phonetic symbols, which may have become <br>corrupt during printing. For example, the symbol for the lateral fricative is <br>given when a dark /l/ is being described (p. 49) and in the index of terms the
<br>symbol [a] is given as part of the definition of schwa (p. 116). <br><br>Finally, any book which has referencing to internet resources runs the risk of <br>the URL cited changing after the publication of the book, and this seems to be
<br>the case on just a few occasions here (e.g. p. 2). <br><br>Despite these minor points, this is an excellent book which should find a place <br>in all introductory courses in which accents and dialects are a central concern.
<br><br>REFERENCES <br>Burbano-Elizondo, L. 2001. Lexical erosion and lexical innovation in Newcastle <br>and Sheffield. In Filppula, M., Palander, M., klemola, J. & Penttila, E. (eds) <br>_Dialects across Borders_. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 211-229.
<br><br>Crystal, D. 2003. _A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics_. 5th edition. <br>Oxford: Blackwell. <br><br>Giles, H. 1970. Evaluative reactions to accents. _Educational Review_ 22: 211-227. <br><br>Labov, W. 1972. Subjective dimensions of a linguistic change in progress. In
<br>_Sociolinguistic Patterns_. Oxford: Blackwell, 143-159. <br><br>Llamas, C. 1999. A new methodology: data elicitation for social and regional <br>language variation studies. _Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics_ 7: 95-119.
<br><br>ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>Dr. Kevin Watson is a lecturer in English Phonetics in the Department of <br>Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University, UK. His research <br>interests center on sociophonetic variation in accents of English, specifically
<br>but not exclusively in the north-west of England. He is also interested in how <br>issues of sociolinguistic variation intersect with linguistic theory, and how <br>variation in phonetics and phonology can be modeled in the grammar.
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