<div><br clear="all">EDITORS: Danet, Brenda; Herring, Susan <br>Review: The Multilinguial Internet:: Language, Culture, and Communication Online <br>PUBLISHER: Oxford University Press <br>YEAR: 2007 <br><br>Liwei Gao, Defense Language Institute, Monterey, USA <br>
<br>SUMMARY <br>This volume consists of eighteen articles on different aspects of language, <br>culture, and the internet, some of which have been published earlier in a <br>special issue of the _Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication_ in 2003. These <br>
collections revolve around five central topics: 1) writing systems and the <br>internet, 2) linguistic and discourse features of online communication, 3) <br>gender and culture, 4) language choice and code-switching, and 5) language <br>
diversity. <br><br>Chapter One is Introduction. In this chapter, Danet and Herring first provide a <br>theoretical framework for research on the intricate interactions among language, <br>culture, and communication. Then they introduce the contents covered in the book. <br>
<br>Part I, Chapters Two through Six, deals with writing systems. In Chapter Two, ''A <br>Funky Language for Teenzz to Use: Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant <br>Messaging'', David Palfreyman and Muhamed Khalil examine how female college <br>
students in the United Arab Emirates use the ''ASCII-ized Arabic'' (Roman) <br>alphabet to write vernacular Arabic online. Their analysis identifies influences <br>not only of typographic character sets, but also of different varieties of <br>
spoken Arabic, Arabic script, English orthography and other pre-computer <br>mediated communication Romanized forms of Arabic. <br><br>In Chapter Three, ''The Multilingual and Multiorthographic Taiwan-Based <br>Internet'', Hsi-Yao Su investigates the creative use of writing systems in <br>
college-affiliated electronic Bulletin Board Systems, including the rendering in <br>Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented <br>Mandarin, and the use of a transliteration alphabet used in primary schools. <br>
<br>In Chapter Four, ''Neography'', Jacques Anis explores unconventional spelling in <br>short text messages by French mobile phone users, where Anis presents a <br>constraint-based model of mobile-mediated written communication and a typology <br>
of neographic transformations. <br><br>In Chapter Five, ''It's All Greeklish to Me!'', Theodora Tseliga looks at <br>Roman-alphabeted Greek in asynchronous internet communication from both <br>linguistic and sociocultural perspectives and finds out that Greeklish messages <br>
are more conducive to the initiation of certain discourse strategies. <br><br>In Chapter Six, ''Greeklish and Greekness: Trends and Discourses of <br>'Glocalness''', Dimitris Koutsogiannis and Bessie Mitsikopoulou focus their study <br>
on discourse about Greeklish in the Greek press. Adopting a critical discourse <br>analysis approach, they identify three different types of reactions: a <br>retrospective trend that views Greeklish as a threat to the Greek language and <br>
the Greek cultural heritage, a prospective trend that considers Greeklish as a <br>transitory phenomenon, and a resistive trend that highlights the negative <br>effects of globalization. <br><br>Part II, Chapters Seven through Nine, investigates linguistic and discourse <br>
features of online communication. In Chapter Seven, ''Linguistic Innovations and <br>Interactional Features of Japanese BBS Communication'', Yukiko Nishimura not only <br>identifies features familiar to readers in English-based computer mediated <br>
communication (CMC) but also those unique to Japanese, such as innovative <br>punctuation and the use of final particles as in spoken Japanese conversation. <br><br>In Chapter 8, ''Linguistic Features of Email and ICQ Instant Messaging in Hong <br>
Kong'', Carmen Lee provides a comprehensive overview of linguistic features in <br>CMC in the Hong Kong context, such as the mixture of Cantonese and English and <br>morpheme-by-morpheme literal translations. Lee demonstrates that these features <br>
differ from other Chinese-speaking communities. <br><br>In Chapter 9, ''Enhancing the Status of Catalan versus Spanish in Online Academic <br>Forums: Obstacles to Machine Translation'', Salvador Climent, Joaquim Moré, <br>
Antoni Oliver, Míriam Salvatierra, Imma Sŕnchez, and Mariona Taulé explore a <br>corpus of email messages in Catalan and Spanish and discover that in addition to <br>errors caused by interference between the two closely-related languages, <br>
characteristics of the email register also challenge machine translation. <br><br>Part III, Chapters Ten through Twelve, discusses the issue of gender and <br>culture. In Chapter Ten, ''Gender and Turn Allocation in a Thai Chat Room'', <br>
Siriporn Panyametheekul and Susan Herring conclude that females possess <br>apparently more power in the Thai chat room, as seen from turn allocation <br>patterns, which is contrary to previous findings on gender in CMC. More <br>
generally, their study indicates that gender interacts with culture in more <br>complex ways in CMC. <br><br>In Chapter Eleven, ''Breaking Conversational Norms on a Portuguese Users' <br>Network: Men as Adjudicators of Politeness?'', Sandi Michele de Oliveira analyzes <br>
politeness violations on a netizens' discussion list of a university in <br>Portugal. The study indicates that while expected patterns of gender behavior <br>exist in Portuguese CMC, evidence is also there that males are more prone to <br>
chastise transgressions. <br><br>In Chapter 12, ''Kaomoji and Expressivity in a Japanese Housewives' Chat Room'', <br>Hirofumi Katsuno and Christine Yano pose such questions as what role Kaomoji <br>('Japanese-style emoticons') plays in CMC among Japanese housewives and <br>
concludes that, among other things, Kaomoji form a boundary of inclusion and <br>exclusion. <br><br>Part IV, Chapters Thirteen through Sixteen, revolves around language choice and <br>code switching. In Chapter Thirteen, ''Language Choice Online: Globalization and <br>
Identity in Egypt'', Mark Warschauer, Ghada Said, and Ayman Zohry inquire under <br>what circumstances and for what reason the group of Egyptian Internet users <br>choose English versus Arabic. Their analysis suggests that English as a global <br>
language possesses an instrumental function, whereas Arabic as a local language <br>is reserved for more intimate and personal use. This further confirms the claim <br>that language is medium of both global networks and local identities. <br>
<br>In Chapter Fourteen, ''Language Choice on a Swiss Mailing List'', Mercedes Durham <br>assesses how the general language situation in Switzerland - which is divided <br>into areas where French, German, Italian, and to a much lesser extent, Romansh, <br>
predominate - affects and is affected by language choice in CMC. Durham <br>considers the relative importance of such factors as the native language of <br>participants in determining language choice. <br><br>In Chapter Fifteen, ''Language Choice and Code-Switching in German-Based <br>
Diasporic Web Forums'', Jannis Androutsopoulos points out that it is helpful to <br>combine language choice with a code switching analysis in the study of <br>multilingual practices in online environment. <br><br>
In Chapter sixteen, ''Anyone Speak Swedish?'', Ann-Sofie Axelsson, Ĺsa Abelin, and <br>Ralph Schroeder explore how different national languages interact in the virtual <br>space. Their research results show a tolerance for language shifting and a quite <br>
positive environment for most language encounters. <br><br>Part V, the last part, comprises Chapters Seventeen and Eighteen. This part <br>discusses the issue of linguistic diversity. In Chapter Seventeen, ''The European <br>
Union in Cyberspace: Democratic Participation via Online Multilingual Discussion <br>Boards'', Ruth Wodak and Scott Wright observe that the discussions were not <br>dominated by a small number of countries and that English is the primary <br>
language for discussion. In Chapter Eighteen, ''How Much Multilingualism? <br>Language Diversity on the Internet'', John Paolillo looks into global linguistic <br>diversity and develops a measure to compare countries and regions. The chapter <br>
concludes with a discussion of the sociolinguistic forces for Internet <br>multilingualism and a call for promotion of linguistic diversity in CMC. <br><br>EVALUATION <br>The majority of global Internet users are non-English speakers (Internet World <br>
Stats 2007). Despite this reality, up until today most research on the Internet <br>and CMC focuses exclusively on situations where English is the medium of <br>communication. This volume is the first major work that investigates the <br>
interactions among language, culture, and CMC in languages other than a native <br>variety of English. Languages represented in this volume feature a very broad <br>scope, specifically, Arabic, Catalan, three varieties of Chinese (Cantonese, <br>
Taiwanese, and Mandarin), non-native varieties of English, French, German, <br>Greek, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Thai, among others. <br>This amazingly large range of languages will help to make this book a monumental <br>
publication. The inclusion of research on CMC in the Chinese and the Japanese <br>language is particularly timely and welcome. Even though Chinese and Japanese <br>are among those languages used by most netizens in CMC, studies of online <br>
communication in these two languages are disproportionately rare (cf. Gao 2007; <br>Tsujimura 2007; Yu, Xiong, Liu, Sun, and Zhang 2001). To some extent, this <br>volume complements another important and influential work of Herring (1996), <br>
most articles in which revolve around the English language or the U.S. context. <br><br>Even more significantly, unlike many book-length publications on the Internet <br>and CMC that are almost exclusively descriptive or even anecdotal in nature, the <br>
collections in this volume not only represent empirical studies but also <br>critical analyses and quantitative surveys, all of which constitute serious <br>academic research conducted within a variety of solid theoretical frameworks, <br>
such as language and culture, language and identity, language and gender, and <br>language and social change. This also demonstrates another remarkable strength <br>of this volume, i.e., it is desirably multidisciplinary in that it spans a large <br>
array of fields, including sociolinguistics, sociology, communication, <br>information sciences, media studies, and anthropology, among others. <br>Cyberculture is so complex a domain that any attempt to address it meaningfully <br>
and successfully requires knowledge and expertise in more than one field. <br><br>China and India are the two countries with the largest population in the world, <br>where the use of the internet is also growing very fast, with China alone having <br>
approximately one hundred and sixty-two million netizens by June 30, 2007 <br>(<a href="http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/">http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/</a> 2007-07-18/14011623385.shtml). If studies conducted <br>in the mainland Chinese and the Indian context were incorporated in this volume, <br>
it would be more desirably well-rounded. In the same vein, research on CMC both <br>in the Russian language and in Russia is missing from this volume. Despite these <br>trivial inadequacies, this book constitutes a landmark contribution to <br>
investigations into varied facets of language, culture, and online <br>communication. Just as Baron comments, it will prove to be a classic work among <br>the internet literature. The volume will provide an invaluable reference for <br>
students as well as researchers in an array of fields. <br><br>REFERENCES <br>Gao, Liwei. (2007). _Chinese Internet language: A study of identity <br>constructions_. Munich: Lincom GmbH. <br><br>Herring, Susan. (Ed.). (1996). _Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, <br>
Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives_. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <br><br>Internet world stats: usage and population statistics. URL: <br><a href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm</a>. Accessed December 14, 2007. <br>
<br>Tsujimura, Natsuko. (2007). Language change in progress: Evidence from <br>computer-mediated communication. Paper presented at the 33rd annual meeting of <br>the Berkeley Linguistic Society. <br><br>Yu, Genyuan, Zhengyu Xiong, Haiyan Liu, Shuxue Sun, and Li Zhang. (2001). <br>
_Wangluo Yuyan Gaishuo ('Survey of the Internet language')_. Beijing: China <br>Economy Publishing House. <br><br>Zhongguo neidi wangmin da 1.62 yi ('The number of Chinese netizens reaches 162 <br>million'). URL: <a href="http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2007-07-18/14011623385.shtml">http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2007-07-18/14011623385.shtml</a>. <br>
Accessed December 13, 2007. <br><br>ABOUT THE REVIEWER <br>Liwei Gao is currently Assistant Professor of Chinese at the Defense Language <br>Institute in Monterey, California. His research interests are primarily in <br>sociolinguistics, Chinese linguistics, and applied linguistics. </div>
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